Boron isotopes in blue diamond record seawater-derived fluids in the lower mantle

Abstract

Boron is a quintessential crustal element but its conspicuous presence in diamond – a mantle mineral – raises questions about potential subduction pathways for boron and other volatiles. It has been a long-standing goal to characterize the isotopic composition of boron in blue, boron-bearing (Type IIb) diamonds to reveal its origin. Mineral inclusions indicate that Type IIb diamonds crystallize at transition zone to lower mantle depths, meaning that if the boron is subducted it would trace a pathway of volatile elements into the deep mantle. Here, using off-line laser ablation sampling, we present the first boron isotope compositions, along with trace element contents and carbon isotope compositions, of a suite of blue diamonds mainly sourced from the Cullinan diamond mine in South Africa. The ten analyzed blue diamonds have a wide range in δ11B, between −9.2 ± 2‰ and −0.5 ± 2‰, compared to the more restricted range for mid-ocean ridge basalts (−7.1 ± 0.9‰). Carbon isotope values for the blue diamonds range between −20.6 and −1.8‰, with a mode at −17‰, significantly more negative than the main mantle mode at −5‰. Combined, the boron and carbon isotope compositions require fluid input from subducted oceanic lithosphere down into deep mantle source regions of blue diamonds. This finding highlights a deep subduction pathway for volatiles to stoke the source regions of deeply-derived magmas.