Boron-doped diamond electrodes in organic media: Electrochemical activation and selectivity effects

Abstract

This study highlights the effects of the electrochemical surface pre-treatment of polished polycrystalline boron-doped diamond electrodes in ethanol on electron transfer to organic redox systems. A novel ‘‘activation’’ procedure based on cathodic polarisation in ethanol (0.01 MNBu4PF6) is proposed and shown to be highly effective in promoting electron transfer to the aqueous FeðCNÞ3�=4� 6 redox system. For redox systems in acetonitrile, effects on electron transfer processes are strongly dependent on the type of electron transfer process. For decamethylferrocene+/0, decamethylcobaltocene+/0, methyviologen2+/+, and for methylviologen+/0 redox systems essentially reversible electron transfer is observed irrespective of the pre-treatment of the boron-doped diamond electrode. For the benzoquinone0/� redox system insignificant changes occur but for the benzoquinone�/2� process a more dramatic change in electron transfer kinetics is observed (after cathodic polarisation in ethanol) consistent with an improved interfacial electron transfer (a 4.6 · increase in peak current occurs). Finally, the tetraethyl-ethylenetetracarboxylate0/� system is investigated as a model olefin redox system. Again changes in reactivity occur (a 4.0 · increase in peak current) at the cathodically pre-treated boron-doped diamond electrode. XPS surface analysis data reveal only insignificant changes in the chemical composition of the boron-doped diamond surface before and after activation and therefore a predominantly electronic mechanism for the ‘‘activation’’ process is proposed. In future selectivity effects for electron transfer at borondoped diamond electrode surfaces could be introduced intentionally and used beneficially for chemo-selective electro-organic processes.