Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes present several notable properties, such as the largest potential window of all electrode materials (especially in anodic potentials), low background and capacitive currents, reduced fouling compared to other electrodes, mechanical robustness, and good stability over time. On the other hand, flow-based systems are known as well-established approaches to minimize reagent consumption and waste generation and with good compromise between sample throughput and analytical performance (mechanization of chemical assays). This review focuses on the use of BDD electrodes for electrochemical detection in flow systems, such as flow injection analysis (FIA), batch injection analysis (BIA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The discussion deals with the historical evolution of BDD, types of electrochemical pre-treatments (cathodically/H-terminated or anodically/O-terminated), cell configurations, and analytical performance. Articles are discussed in chronological order and subdivided according to the type of flow system: FIA, BIA, HPLC, and CE.
Highlights
The attractive chemical and physical properties (Einaga, 2010) of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes has been successfully exploited for multiple applications, such as in electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, electrocatalysis, environmental science, biomedical or biological science, and other related trends (Luong et al, 2009; Macpherson, 2015).Despite these attractive features, Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is a semi-conductor doped material and usually is not considered as a typical electrode material for electrochemical applications (e.g., Pt, Au, and GC) (Macpherson, 2015)
The purpose of this review is to outline the state of knowledge and discuss the advantages and disadvantages related to the use of BDD electrodes in electrochemical detection coupled to flow systems: flow injection analysis (FIA), batch injection analysis (BIA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE)
This review provided an overview on the use of BDD electrodes for electrochemical detection in flow systems (FIA, BIA, HPLC, and CE)
Summary
The attractive chemical and physical properties (wide potential window, low background currents, chemical and mechanical stability, good resistance to fouling, lack of a surface oxide film, and controllable surface termination) (Einaga, 2010) of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes has been successfully exploited for multiple applications, such as in electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, electrocatalysis, environmental science (wastewater treatment and water disinfection/purification), biomedical or biological science, and other related trends (Luong et al, 2009; Macpherson, 2015) Despite these attractive features, BDD is a semi-conductor doped material and usually is not considered as a typical electrode material for electrochemical applications (e.g., Pt, Au, and GC) (Macpherson, 2015). The purpose of this review is to outline the state of knowledge and discuss the advantages and disadvantages related to the use of BDD electrodes in electrochemical detection coupled to flow systems: flow injection analysis (FIA), batch injection analysis (BIA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE)
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