Abstract
Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) are long-living and mechatronic systems, which include mechanics, electrics/electronics and software. The interdisciplinary nature combined with challenges and trends in the context of Industry 4.0 such as a high degree of customization, small lot sizes and evolution cause a high amount of variability. Mastering the variability of functional control software, e.g., different control variants of an actuator type, is itself a challenge in developing and reusing CPPS software. This task becomes even more complex when considering extra-functional software such as operating modes, diagnosis and error handling. These software parts have high interdependencies with functional software, often involving the human-machine interface (HMI) to enable the intervention of operators. This paper illustrates the challenges in documenting the dependencies of these software parts including their variability using family models. A procedural and an object-oriented concept for implementing error handling, which represents an extra-functional task with high dependencies to functional software and the HMI, are proposed. The suitability of both concepts to increase the software's reusability and, thus, its flexibility in the context of Industry 4.0 is discussed. Their comparison confirms the high potential of the object-oriented extension of IEC 61131-3 to handle planned reuse of extra-functional CPPS software successfully.
Highlights
AND MOTIVATIONCyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) are mecha- diagnosis, error handling and operating modes is an essentronic, variant-rich and long-living systems connected tial part of control software: extra-functional code makes to digital networks to use globally available data and ser- up around 50-75% of industrial control code [4] causing vices
The last update of the PLC programming standard IEC 61131-3 enables OO for PLCs, it is not yet established in industry and guidelines for its application are rare [7]. To bridge this gap and illustrate the challenges and potential solutions to deal with extra-functional software parts, this paper gives an introduction to the design decisions required to implement error handling
Functional software for implementing the CPPS behavior in automatic mode is only a small part of the control logic compared to the extra-functional software, which is with 50-75% the much larger part [4]
Summary
Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) are mecha- diagnosis, error handling and operating modes is an essentronic, variant-rich and long-living systems connected tial part of control software: extra-functional code makes to digital networks to use globally available data and ser- up around 50-75% of industrial control code [4] causing vices. This simple example shows that error handling, operating modes, and HMI are strongly interlinked, but they have fundamentally different implementation and code structures This makes it difficult to manage their variability and systematic reuse. The last update of the PLC programming standard IEC 61131-3 enables OO for PLCs, it is not yet established in industry and guidelines for its application are rare [7] To bridge this gap and illustrate the challenges and potential solutions to deal with extra-functional software parts, this paper gives an introduction to the design decisions required to implement error handling. VOGEL-HEUSER ET AL.: MANAGING VARIABILITY AND REUSE OF EXTRA-FUNCTIONAL CONTROL SOFTWARE IN CPPS planned reuse of variant-rich software systems, where artifacts common to all variants are ideally implemented only once [10].
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