Abstract
The rapidly increasing interest in fitness related sports over the past few years has been accompanied by a booming industry of nutritional supplements. Many of these substances have unproven benefits and are even potentially harmful to the user. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for nutritional supplement (NS) use among fitness studio visitors in Mainz (Germany), emphasizing new multi-ingredient based supplements such as pre workout boosters (PWBs). Some of the PWBs contain stimulants such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE and DMBA with so far unknown risks, harms and benefits. Four-Hundred and Ninety Two participants in 13 fitness studios completed a questionnaire on the use of nutritional supplements. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to examine differences in supplement use regarding training- and intake-reasons. About 57.0% of the participants reported the use of NS during the last 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of creatine use was 28.7%, whereas 12.2% of the participants stated creatine use during the past 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of PWB intake was 25.8%, whereas the last month prevalence was 11.8%. Among the group of PWB users, 20.5% stated to search specifically for substances such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE or DMBA. Logistic regression analysis showed positive relations between creatine use and the predictor variables gender, strength training and bodybuilding, as well as the stated exercisers' training reasons to increase physical- and sports-performance, and quality of life. PWB consumption was related to the variables gender, training frequency, and the reason for sports performance enhancement. Specific ingredient focus was related to the predictor variables competition participation and increase of mental performance. The results of the study show a high prevalence of PWB consumption among fitness studios visitors, which is comparable with creatine use. The predicting variables for consumption seem to be slightly different between the supplements, especially if the users are searching for stimulating agents. The current findings help to create preliminary consumption patterns and can help to identify potential endangered fitness studio visitors for prevention and risk communication, especially for PWBs.
Highlights
The nutritional supplement (NS) industry is a rapidly growing market
Despite NS may serve as a practical assistance to meet sports specific goals, evidence shows that NS are typically not required if athletes have a balanced diet
Exercisers in fitness studios consume a large number of different supplements like creatine and pre workout boosters (PWBs), some of which contain stimulants such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE, and DMBA to increase sports performance capacity
Summary
The nutritional supplement (NS) industry is a rapidly growing market. From 1994 to 2012, the number of nutritional supplements available in the USA increased from an estimated 4,000 to more than 55,000 (Cohen, 2012a). Among common fitness studio visitors, the regular use of supplements ranges between 30 and 100% (Morrison et al, 2004; Oliver et al, 2008; Goston and Correia, 2010; Bianco et al, 2011; El Khoury and Antoine-Jonville, 2012; Saeedi et al, 2013; Solheim et al, 2017). Younger fitness studio visitors showed a higher NS intake than adults (Morrison et al, 2004; Goston and Correia, 2010; El Khoury and Antoine-Jonville, 2012; Saeedi et al, 2013). Nutritional supplements can be marketed without proven evidence of efficacy or safety, and without premarket approval (Cohen, 2012a)
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