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Current Research in International Affairs: a Selected Bibliography of Work in Progress by Private Research Agencies in Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States Get access Current Research in International Affairs: a Selected Bibliography of Work in Progress by Private Research Agencies in Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States. Preface by Dorothy-Arden Dean. Introduction by Frederick S. Dunn. New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1952. 193 pp. Indexes. 834′​′×534′​′⁠. $1. B. K. B. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 28, Issue 4, October 1952, Pages 548–549, https://doi.org/10.2307/2604320 Published: 01 October 1952

PEOPLE interested in the future of the so-called liberal-democratic tradition are being made more aware today of an inner contradiction in nations which profess to uphold its principles. This contradiction becomes most apparent in the racial relationships existing in those nations which are characterized by a multiracial society. The United States of America with its Negro problem is an example-democracy which in actual practice has been limited, particularly in the South, on the basis of race. The American problem pales into relative insignificance when compared with that of the Union of South Africa, a country characterized ethnically by a minority of white persons and an overwhelming majority of non-whites-Coloreds, Natives, and Asiatics. In South Africa the race problem has always been foremost, and it determines the major characteristics of South African life today. In the Union of South Africa the Nationalist party came into power after winning the 1948 general election on the apartheid platform. What is apartheid? Most definitions of the term are nebulous, at best. Its application is something new under the sun so far as Union politics are concerned, yet the term has gained wide use in the Union as a sort of catchword or political slogan to describe Nationalist non-European policy. Although not yet a dictionary word, it nevertheless won the last election for the Nationalists.

This article firstappeared in the South AfricanLabour Bulletin www.salabourbulletin.org.za A tale of weak enforcement ANDRES BEZUIDENHOUT is aresearcher in the Sociology of Work Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand What motivates companies to relocate production across Southern Africanborders? South decentralised and industry Lesotho. African operate firms Andries zones in in former and the Bezuidenhout garment in apartheid Swaziland industry operate informer apartheid decentralised zones andinSwaziland andLesotho. Andries Bezuidenhout investigated labour lawenforcement inthese areas andwhy some South African employers don't escape stringent labour lawsandmove to lessregulated industrial areasacross the border. Inthe early 2000s, partly because of the Africa Growth andOpportunities Act (Agoa), the United States of America, Lesotho andSwaziland saw aninflux ofclothing manufacturers. Another reason for this wasthat the South African rand, towhich Lesotho andSwaziland's currencies aretied, wasfavourable tothe USdollar atthe time. InLesotho 50,000 new jobswere created, and inSwaziland 40,000. Mostly young women work inthese factories, producing merchandise such asjeansand T-shirts for the USmarket. These aremassive orders with lowmargins, but high profits because of the sizeof the orders. But the end of Agoa put these factories under pressure. Also, the rand nearly doubling in value tothe dollar since the early 2000scame asa shock toexporters. Lesotho andSwaziland lost around 20,000 jobseachas manufactures relocated toChina and Vietnam. This empty factory spaceisoften filled by relocated South African operations. Why doSouth African clothing manufacturers move toLesotho andSwaziland? For the past year, Ihave been visiting these two countries with Soeren Jeppesen, a colleague from the Copenhagen Business School, inanattempt to understand this. These areimpressions based onfactory visits andinterviews with managers, trade unions, workers andgovernment officials. The story ismore complex than just South African firms leaving because of'high wages' and'good labour laws', tocountries where labour canbe'exploited'. Before wegoto Lesotho andSwaziland, wehave tomake a detour. Westart inKwaZulu-Natal. Ezakheni, South Africa TheEzakheni industrial park near Ladysmith wassetupinthe1980s toattract manufacturing operations tothe area. Itisa prime example ofapartheid's 'industrial decentralisation' strategy. Firms received subsidies from the state, aswell astailor-made factory spaceatlow rents. Apart from relocations by clothing manufacturers from elsewhere inSouth Africa, Ezakheni attracted a considerable number of Taiwanese companies. For the apartheid state this wasintended tostem the flow of Africans tocities such as Durban andJohannesburg. For employers, itmeant lower wages than urban areas. Intraditional clothing manufacturing hubs, such as Durban andCape Town, the South African Clothing and Textiles Workers' Union, (Sactwu), waswinning recognition agreements tonegotiate better wages. But places like Ezakheni hadanother advantage for employers. Itwasinthe Bantustan of KwaZulu, where South African labour lawdid not apply. Workers were often forced tojoin the weak United Workers' Union ofSouth Africa, which wasaffiliated toInkatha. Soinaddition tolower wages, unions could not operate freely. So,inthe 1980sthere wasa shift ofgarment factories from urban torural areassuch as Ezakheni andPhuthadithjaba inthe Eastern Free State nearby. This trend continued into the 1990s, when industrial council agreements did not yet cover there areas. South Africa's transition todemocracy andnew labour statutes changed the situation. Bargaining council agreements now set minimum wages andconditions for formerly excluded areas, such as Ezakheni. Unions can operate freely andthe council opened anoffice innearby Ladysmith toassist employers and employees, and toinspect minimum conditions setby collective agreements. Could itbethe case,weasked ourselves, that these companies will now relocate toplaces like Lesotho andSwaziland? Inboth these countries, with many Asian firms departing, there aretrained andexperienced workers who arewilling towork for much lower wages than inSouth Africa. Maputsoe, Lesotho There aretwo unions organising inthe garment industry inLesotho, the Lesotho Clothing and Allied Workers' Union and the Factory and Allied Workers' Union. Wages inLesotho areregulated by a collective agreement ataround R700 (€61)a month. Conditions infactories alsomassively improved after GAP, a LosAngeles company that sources most ofitsproducts from Lesotho, implemented a codeofconduct towhich their suppliers have tosubscribe. This coderequires suppliers toenforce the labour laws of the country, aswell asother minimum standards. GAP appointed three fulltime inspectors toinspect factories inLesotho. Most companies feel positive about this code, and that inspectors aresupportive intheir approach, rather than punitive. TheLabour Commissioner alsoreported that shehada good relationship with GAP'S inspectors. TheDepartment ofLabour, however, isclearly under resourced. There areonly eight inspectors tocover the whole country, with not enough vehicles. Officials' low wages make the system vulnerable tobribery. Wealsosawthe extent...

Although chromoblastomycosis is a comparatively rare disease, it has been reported from widely scattered points on the globe. In 1941 Weidman and Rosenthal 1 summarized this subject thoroughly, including the data on 110 cases reported up to that time. Seven cases were from the continental limits of the United States, but the greatest number were from the Caribbean area (Cuba, Puerto Rica and Costa Rica) and Brazil. Since then additional cases have been reported from Cuba by Pardo-Castello, Leon and Trespalacios 2 and from the Union of South Africa by Simson, Harington and Barnetson. 3 Moore, Cooper and Weiss 4 have recently reported 2 additional cases from the United States. We wish to report the first case recognized in the Canal Zone and cultural studies of the causative fungus. REPORT OF CASE D. M., a 74 year old Jamaican, came to the Canal Zone in 1915

> first brought to my attention in June, 1970, when I * 2 was teaching at the Graduate Summer Session in I . 5 Epidemiology at the University of Minnesota. The question was raised by one of the students, an internist who had taken an important public health position in the Ferre government in Puerto Rico, and is a supporter of Statehood locally and the Republican Party nationally. He asked: Why do you always present data on white and nonwhite, on white and Negro, on white and black? In Puerto Rico, we present data on Puerto Ricans, not on white Puerto Ricans and nonwhite Puerto Ricans. Why do you and your colleagues insist on making this separation? I stammered out an answer, but it convinced neither him nor me. What the rest of the class thought, I do not know. More recently, in developing some material on mortality statistics, I was struck again by the problem raised by this white middle-class Puerto Rican physician. In going through the United Nations' Demographic Yearbook for I970 (i) for data on expectation of life, I noted that the Union of South Africa, which frankly pursues a policy of apartheid, provides data for three racial groups: Asiatic, colored, and white. The United States does not. Yet, in its domestic publications, the United State always provides separate data for whites and nonwhites. For example, the United States Life Tables for 1959-6I (z) provide the life tables for the total population, total males and total females; for total whites, white males and white females; and for total nonwhites, nonwhite males and nonwhite females. For each of the ten geographic divisions of the

The International Whaling Commission held its fourth meeting in London from June 3 to June 6, 1952. Represented were all of the seventeen member governments except Mexico, namely: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Sweden, the Union of South Africa, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission elected Dr. Remington Kellogg (United States) chairman, and Dr. J. G. Lienesh (the Netherlands) vice-chairman. Amendments to paragraph 6, paragraph 8 (c), and paragraph 8 (e) of the schedule of the International Whaling Convention were adopted at the meeting, and entered into force in September 1952. In closing, the Commission agreed that research in new methods of whale marking should be pursued, “but if funds should not allow this, marking by the existing methods should continue. The current catch limits … were extended to the 1952/53 season, retaining the same opening date now in force.”

the Palais des Nations at Geneva, Switzerland, representatives of seventeen nations are drafting an international trade and preparing an agenda for a world trade conference. Concurrently these same countries are negotiating multilateral tariff agreements one with the other. Officially, these Geneva talks are styled Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment. The first session of this committee was held in London in October, 1946. Framework of this London meeting was a charter prepared by the United States in anticipation of a world trade conference. This draft was an extension and clarification of proposals first published in December, 1945, and initialled by both Great Britain and the United States at the time agreement was reached on the terms of the U.S.-U.K. loan of $3,750,000,000. The Geneva talks got under way early in April. Nations represented on the committee were: Australia, Belgium-Luxembourg, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, France, India, Lebanon, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Union of South Africa, United States of America, United Kingdom. Russia is a member of the committee, but so far has not participated even in an observer capacity. The official explanation of Soviet non-appearance was described initially thus: U.S.S.R. felt unable to participate in the work of the committee at this stage as it had not at that time found it possible to devote sufficient preliminary study to the serious and far-reaching questions which were the subject of the committee's discussions. More recently the distinguished Russian economist, Emil Varga, explained Russia's absence from Geneva with the assertion that the problems discussed there have no direct interest for us in view of the state monopoly of foreign trade which is the firm element of our economic system. Mr. Varga termed the conference merely an opportunity for the

The progress of Catholicism in Africa is so amazing that only the divine character of the Church can explain it. Yet we realize how much remains to be done when we recall the millions of coloured people still untouched by Christianity. And the need is urgent not only amongst indigenous negroes, but also amongst those of such a country as the United States, where live many millions of negroes crying out for the religion of God made Man. In the centre of New York is Harlem, the negro quarter, a town in itself well-nigh cut off from the neighbouring boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx, whilst in the southern States live many millions of negroes in far worse poverty and distress than in the days of slavery. These people want religion, for their simple nature is a religious one. But they are unwilling to accept the Christian religion as they see it practised, or rather distorted and falsified, by the whites. They want rather the riches and power that go with modem materialism and irreligion.The story of the negro in U.S.A. is a sad one. Every year waves of horror and anger shake the whole of the negro population as fresh lynchings occur with a brutality that is unsurpassed by any other age in the history of this world. The Chinese torture of a thousand slices cannot be more cruel than the white southerner’s use of a blowlamp on a negro suspected of crime.Are Catholics in the United States, or in the Union of South Africa, caring for these people, influencing them, as they ought? In the days of the Roman Empire there existed slavery, and that slavery was ended by the Catholic doctrine that by nature and birth all men are equal before God.

The International Lead and Zinc Study Group held its first session in Geneva from January 27 to February 3, 1960. Representatives were present from Australia, the Belgian Congo, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Poland, the Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, the Union of South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, West Germany, and Yugoslavia. Mr. G. J. McMahon (United Kingdom) was elected chairman of the session, and Mr. C. W. Nichols (United States) was elected vice-chairman.

Calculation and Interpretation of Analysis of Variance and Covariance, by George W. Snedecor. Ames, Iowa. Collegiate Press. 1934. 96 pp. Reviewed by Harold Hotelling Statistical Methods for Research Workers, by R. A. Fisher. Fifth Edition. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 1934. xiii, 319 pp. Reviewed by Harold Hotelling The Technique of Social Investigation, by C. Luther Fry. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1934. xii, 315 pp. Reviewed by George A. Lundberg Les Fluctuations Economiques A Longue Period et La Crise Mondiale, by François Simiand. Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan. 1932. 142 pp. Reviewed by Alvin H. Hansen Primi Lineamenti di Statistica Corporativa, by G. Pietra and P. Fortunati. Instituto di Statistica della Regia Università di Padova. Padua: Tipografia Antoniana. 1934. 137 pp. Reviewed by Arthur W. Marget Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, by Arthur F. Burns. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research. 1934. xxiv, 363 pp. Reviewed by Theodore O. Yntema The New York Money Market, by Benjamin Haggott Beckhart, James C. Smith, and William Adams Brown, Jr. Vol. II, “Sources and Movements of Funds,” xi, 395 pp. Vol. III, “Uses of Funds,” xii, 475 pp. Vol. IV, “External and Internal Relations,” xiii, 606 pp. New York: Columbia University Press, 1933. Reviewed by Woodlief Thomas Moneylending in Great Britain, by Dorothy Johnson Orchard and Geoffrey May. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 1933. 176 pp. Reviewed by William Trufant Foster Taxation of Foreign and National Enterprises: A Study of the Tax Systems and the Methods of Allocation of the Profits of Enterprises Operating in More than One Country, by the League of Nations. Vol. I: France, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. 1932. 275 pp. Vol. II: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Free City of Danzig, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Rumania, and Switzerland. 1933. 467 pp. Vol. III: British India, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, East Indies, Union of South Africa, States of Massachusetts, of New York, and of Wisconsin. 1933. 254 pp. Vol. IV: Methods of Allocating Taxable Income, by Mitchell B. Carroll. 1933. 219 pp. Vol. V: Allocation Accounting for the Taxable Income of Industrial Enterprises, by Ralph C. Jones. 1933. 78 pp. (Published at Geneva). Reviewed by Carl Shoup The Supply and Control of Money in the United States, by Lauchlin Currie. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1934. xvi, 199 pp. Reviewed by Walter E. Spahr The Divorce Court, Ohio, by Leon C. Marshall and Goeffrey May. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. 1933. 440 pp. Reviewed by Ray H. Abrams Recent Developments in Industrial Group Insurance National Industrial Conference Board, Inc. New York: National Industrial Conference Board. 1934. 46 pp. Reviewed by Maurice Taylor Population Theories and their Application with Special Reference to Japan, by E. F. Penrose. California: Food Research Institute. Stanford University. 1934. xiv, 347 pp. Reviewed by James G. Smith A Study of the Chinese Population, by Chi-Ming Chiao. Foreword by Edgar Sydenstricker. New York: Reprinted from the Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Bulletin for October, 1933, and the Quarterly for January, April, and July, 1934. 56 pp. Reviewed by John E. Orchard Industrial Policy of India, by C. N. Vakil and M. C. Munshi. Calcutta: Longmans, Green and Company, Ltd. 1934. xii, 271 pp. Reviewed by Clifford L. James Labor Fact Book II, by Labor Research Association. New York: International Publishers. 1934. 222 pp. Reviewed by Joseph M. Gillman Women Who Work, by Grace Hutchins. Prepared under direction of Labor Research Association. New York: International Publishers. 1934. 273 pp. Reviewed by Joseph M. Gillman Operating Results of Department and Specialty Stores in 1933, by Carl N. Schmalz. Bulletin No. 92, Bureau of Business Research, Harvard University. 1934. Reviewed by L. H. Grinstead Expenses and Profits of Variety Chains in 1932. by Bulletin No. 93, Bureau of Business Research, Harvard University. 1934. Reviewed by L. H. Grinstead Chain Store Expenses and Profits, by Malcolm P. McNair. Bulletin No. 94, Bureau of Business Research, Harvard University. 1934. Reviewed by L. H. Grinstead

No. 1938. United States of America and Union of South Africa

THE second technical session of the International 1 Commission on Illumination was held in Geneva on July 21-25, under the presidency of Dr. E. P. Hyde (U.S.A.). About forty delegates from France, Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, and the United States of America were present, while observers from Japan and Poland attended the meetings. The delegates were welcomed to Geneva by M. Stoessel, president of the city, while Dr. Carrozzi, representing the health section of the International Labour Office, welcomed the collaboration of the Commission in problems which were of particular interest to his section. The president announced that national committees were in the process of formation in Belgium and also in the Union of South Africa.

By a treaty signed in Paris on 9 February 1920, Norway was given the sovereignty of Svalbard, comprising all the islands situated between longs. 10° and 35° E. and lats. 74° and 81° N., thus including Spitsbergen, Bjørnøya (Bear Island), Hopen (Hope Island), Kong Karls Land, and Kvitøya (White Island). The treaty, which has since been recognized by a number of other states, was signed by the United States of America, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland, the Dominions of Canada and New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, India, and Sweden. The U.S.S.R. recognized Norway's sovereignty of Svalbard in 1924 but did not sign the treaty until 1935; Germany signed the treaty in 1925. On 14 August 1925, Norway formally took possession and the Norwegian flag was hoisted in Longyearbyen. Since then, twenty-five years have elapsed, and in honour of the occasion the anniversary was celebrated at Longyearbyen in 1950.

THE rights of Negroes appeared late and inconspicuously on the agenda of Comintern, mainly against the background of their position in the United States of America and in the Union of South Africa. Lenin in an essay published in 1917, though written earlier, had compared the Negroes of the American South to former Russian serfs.1 In an unfinished and unpublished manuscript, written during the winter of 1916–1917 when he was much preoccupied with the national problem, he had remarked that “in the United States only 11 per cent of the population consists of Negroes (and also mulattos and Indians) who must be considered an oppressed nation”, adding, however, that “nowhere do vast national differences shrink so fast and so radically as here into one ‘American nation’”.2 When Lenin drafted his theses on the national and colonial questions for submission to the second congress of Comintern in June 1920, he appeared to recognize the American Negroes unconditionally as a “nation”: Communist parties must give direct support to revolutionary movements among nations which are dependent or without equal rights (e.g. in Ireland, among the American Negroes, etc.) and in the colonies.3

The Governments of Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, the French Republic, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the Union of South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.