Abstract
The use of proper cells for bone tissue engineering remains a major challenge worldwide. Cells play a pivotal role in the repair and regeneration of the bone tissue in vitro and in vivo. Currently, a large number of differentiated (somatic) and undifferentiated (stem) cells have been used for bone reconstruction alone or in combination with different biomaterials and constructs (e.g., scaffolds). Although the results of the cell transplantation without any supporting or adjuvant material have been very effective with regard to bone healing. Recent advances in bone scaffolding are now becoming new players affecting the osteogenic potential of cells. In the present study, we have critically reviewed all the currently used cell sources for bone reconstruction and discussed the new horizons that are opening up in the context of cell-based bone tissue engineering strategies.
Highlights
Bone tissue lesions are among the most common injuries of the human body, which affect the quality of millions of people worldwide [1]
Osteoblasts are mainly involved in the secretion of collagenous and non-collagenous products in bone matrix, which can act as a pattern for the mineral deposition [27]
Human Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) are a suitable source for bone repair and regeneration applications since they can can differentiate to unlimited numbers of all specialized lineages of the healthy bone [73]
Summary
Bone tissue lesions are among the most common injuries of the human body, which affect the quality of millions of people worldwide [1]. We have reviewed and summarized a large number of previously reported studies in which different somatic and stem cells (Table 1) were used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategies both in vitro and in vivo. For this aim, we collected the relevant articles from the databases of Scopus, Web of Science (ISI), and PubMed. In addition, we present and discuss the general information of mammalian cells including their history, isolation procedures, properties, advantages, and disadvantages regarding. Mesenchymal Stem Cells, BM-MSCs: Bone marrow stem cells, ASCs: Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, WJMSCs: Umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells, UCB-MSCs: Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, EPCs: Endothelial progenitor cells, HUCPVCs: Umbilical cord perivascular cells, PDPCs: Periosteum-derived progenitor cells, SMSCs: Synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells, MD-SCs:
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