Abstract
Alveolar bone augmentation in vertical dimension remains the holy grail of periodontal tissue engineering. Successful dental implant placement for restoration of edentulous sites depends on the quality and quantity of alveolar bone available in all spatial dimensions. There are several surgical techniques used alone or in combination with natural or synthetic graft materials to achieve vertical alveolar bone augmentation. While continuously improving surgical techniques combined with the use of auto- or allografts provide the most predictable clinical outcomes, their success often depends on the status of recipient tissues. The morbidity associated with donor sites for auto-grafts makes these techniques less appealing to both patients and clinicians. New developments in material sciences offer a range of synthetic replacements for natural grafts to address the shortcoming of a second surgical site and relatively high resorption rates. This narrative review focuses on existing techniques, natural tissues and synthetic biomaterials commonly used to achieve vertical bone height gain in order to successfully restore edentulous ridges with implant-supported prostheses.
Highlights
Advances in biomaterials research and development of new and improved surgical techniques and armamentarium have resulted in an ever increasing use of dental implants for tooth replacement.The long-term success of dental implants is highly dependent upon the degree of osseointegration in sufficient and healthy bone [1,2,3,4,5,6]
The latter phase of incorporation is characterized by osteoconduction and a process known as creeping substitution [39]
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a technique that works on the principle of separating particulate graft material from surrounding soft tissue to allow for bone regeneration, which occurs at a slower rate compared to soft tissues [129,130]
Summary
Advances in biomaterials research and development of new and improved surgical techniques and armamentarium have resulted in an ever increasing use of dental implants for tooth replacement. The loss of vertical bone height leads to great challenges to dental implant placement due to surgical difficulties and anatomical limitations [1] (Figure 1). This lack of sufficient bone volume and height if unresolved eventually proves to be detrimental to the final treatment outcome with respect to implant success and survival [1,15]. Various surgical techniques and biomaterials have been developed to make possible the successful placement of dental implants in resorbed alveolar bone [16,17,18,19,20]. In this review article we discuss the various techniques and materials currently available to achieve vertical alveolar bone augmentation
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