Abstract
<p>Osteoporosis increases with age, most frequently in postmenopausal women because of reduced ovarian hormone levels. Furthermore, estrogen deficiency impairs trabecular metaphyseal bone. Although efficacious, long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has estrogen-like side effects including breast and endometrial cancers, and non-hormonal or herbal therapies may be safer alternatives. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of <em>Cynanchum wilfordii</em> (CWW) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κ B) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation <em>in vitro</em> and ovariectomy-mediated osteoporosis <em>in vivo</em>. CWW inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in primary mouse bone marrow-derived cells. We investigated the osteoprotective effect of CWW in an ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rat model treated with vehicle (OVX/vehicle), 17<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">β</span>-estradiol (OVX/E2), or three CWW doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). After a 24-week treatment, the body and uterus weights were not affected except in the OVX/E2 group. Additionally, bone mineral density (BMD) and histological analyses showed that the BMD of the femurs of CWW400-treated rats was significantly higher than that of the OVX/vehicle rats, and comparable to that of the OVX/E2 group rats. Serum levels of bone turnover markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, collagen type I C-telopeptide, and TRAP significantly decreased in the CWW400 group. Our results show that compared to the vehicle, CWW had a significant anti-osteoporotic effect in the OVX model. Taken together, CWW exhibited inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis <em>in vitro,</em> and we confirmed its in vivo efficacy in the prevention of osteoporosis.</p>
Highlights
Osteoporosis is an age-dependent multifunctional skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD), deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and increased risk of fragility fractures [1]
Chemicals α-Modified minimal essential medium (α-MEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium pyruvate, L-glutamine, antibiotic-antimycotic solution, and trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)were purchased from Invitrogen Co., (Grand Island, NY, USA)
We investigate the effects of CWW on osteoclast differentiation using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and activity assays in BMCs cultured for 3 days in RANKL (200ng/mL) with or without CWW
Summary
Osteoporosis is an age-dependent multifunctional skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD), deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and increased risk of fragility fractures [1]. Bone mass is balanced by bone remodeling through bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts [2]. Bone homeostasis maintains continuous remodeling of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which is determined by the proliferation and differentiation of precursors of these two bone-associated cells. Osteoclasts, which are bone-resorbing multinucleated giant cells, are differentiated from hemopoietic progenitors of monocyte-macrophage lineage precursor cells following their activation by crucial cytokines: DOI:10.5138/09750185.1979 macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κ B) ligand (RANKL) [3]. In preclinical and clinical research, bone turnover biomarkers are categorized into bone formation and resorption markers [7]. Bone formation markers areosteoblastic enzymes or by-products of active osteoblasts produced during the various phases of bone development. Most bone resorption markers are degradation products such as collagen type I, non collagenous bone matrix
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