Abstract
For over years research has been carried out for finding the treatment procedures for the regeneration of a lost or injured part so that form and function of lost structures can be restored. This regenerative field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues with the help of various growth factors including Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms. BMPs constitute the largest subgroup of transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Till date over 30 members of this family has been identified. They are dimeric molecules and exhibit their effects using specific cell surface receptors. With the development of the techniques required for the isolation and cloning of these molecules, we are now able to understand their properties. They are powerful inductors of the osteogenic activity and have proliferative effects on various cellular types. This made us to use them in various therapeutic procedures including oral maxillofacial reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, enhancing osseointegration around dental implants and in various endodontic procedures. However, their effect is dosage and carrier dependent. Thus, the aim of this review is to help in understanding the structure, classification, signaling and role of BMPs in regeneration of bone and tissues. DOI: 10.21276/AABS.1336
Highlights
The advancement in tissue engineering techniques has made it possible to develop various procedures utilizing the biological mediators like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) for the regeneration of bone and tissues lost due to diseases.[1,2]
BMPs comprises of a group of potent, multi-functional growth factors, belonging to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, which were discovered by Urist and coworkers[3] in 1965
BMPs are synthesized as precursor proteins having polypeptide chains ranging in size from 369-513 amino acids which are cleaved by pro-protein convertases and serine endoproteases to generate mature and active homodimers and heterodimers.[3,10,11]
Summary
The advancement in tissue engineering techniques has made it possible to develop various procedures utilizing the biological mediators like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) for the regeneration of bone and tissues lost due to diseases.[1,2]. BMPs comprises of a group of potent, multi-functional growth factors, belonging to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, which were discovered by Urist and coworkers[3] in 1965 They have been shown to play an important role in regulating the growth, differentiation and apoptosis of various cell types, including osteoblasts, chondroblasts, neural cells, and epithelial cells, depending on the cellular microenvironment and the interaction with other regulatory factors.[4,5] when implanted into the bone matrix this protein component resulted in series of cellular events leading to mesenchymal cell infilteration, cartilage formation, vascularization, bone formation, and remodeling of the new bone along with proliferation of hematopoietic bone marrow elements.[6]. This review is an attempt to summarise the characteristics and various applications of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
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