Abstract
Pathological phenotypes of myeloid neoplasms are closely related to genetic/chromosomal abnormalities of neoplastic cells whereas the bone marrow microenvironment, including stromal elements and hematopoietic stem cell niche cells, have a great influence on the differentiation/proliferation of both hematopoietic and neoplastic cells. The pathology of myeloid neoplasms might be generated through the interaction of hematopoietic (stem) cells and stromal cells. The present study aims to provide the morphological/functional aspects of the bone marrow environment in myeloid neoplasms. Among the myeloid neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) exhibit significant and complex interactions between neoplastic cells and stromal cells. Hematopoietic cells in MDS are greatly influenced by macrophages/niche cells via several signaling pathways. As such, the pathological significance of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and anti‐apoptosis signals in the bone marrow of myeloid neoplasms, especially MDS bone marrow, will be discussed.
Highlights
It is well known that some myeloid neoplasm cases harbor different kinds of genetic mutations/chromosome abnormalities in both hematopoietic and bone marrow stromal cells
It was previously reported that hematopoietic cells with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutations secreted IL‐1β and induced the destruction of the bone marrow niche via the reduced expression of CXCL12.28 In contrast, bone marrow CXCL12‐positive cells were increased in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) cases without oncogenic driver mutations (ODM), especially in cases in which polycythemia vera (PV) or essential thrombocythemia (ET) transformed to secondary MF
The fact that clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) or clonal cytopenia of unknown significance (CCUS) exists among cases associated with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) suggests that the cause of MDS and myeloid neoplasms might be related to genetic mutations of hematopoietic cells and to host background factors controlling the condition of hematopoietic cells themselves and the bone marrow microenvironment/niche
Summary
Pathological phenotypes of myeloid neoplasms are closely related to genetic/ chromosomal abnormalities of neoplastic cells whereas the bone marrow microenvironment, including stromal elements and hematopoietic stem cell niche cells, have a great influence on the differentiation/proliferation of both hematopoietic and neoplastic cells. The pathology of myeloid neoplasms might be generated through the interaction of hematopoietic (stem) cells and stromal cells. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) exhibit significant and complex interactions between neoplastic cells and stromal cells. Hematopoietic cells in MDS are greatly influenced by macrophages/niche cells via several signaling pathways. The pathological significance of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and anti‐apoptosis signals in the bone marrow of myeloid neoplasms, especially MDS bone marrow, will be discussed. KEYWORDS hematopoietic stem cell niche, MDS, microenvironment, myeloid neoplasms
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