Abstract
The rise in musculoskeletal disorders has prompted medical experts to devise novel effective alternatives to treat complicated orthopedic conditions. The ever-expanding field of regenerative medicine has allowed researchers to appreciate the therapeutic value of bone marrow-derived biological products, such as the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) clot, a potent orthobiologic which has often been dismissed and regarded as a technical complication. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have contributed to the expansion of medical knowledge, revealing optimistic results concerning the application of autologous bone marrow towards various impactful disorders. The bone marrow accommodates a diverse family of cell populations and a rich secretome; therefore, autologous BMA-derived products such as the “BMA Matrix”, may represent a safe and viable approach, able to reduce the costs and some drawbacks linked to the expansion of bone marrow. BMA provides —it eliminates many hurdles associated with its preparation, especially in regards to regulatory compliance. The BMA Matrix represents a suitable alternative, indicated for the enhancement of tissue repair mechanisms by modulating inflammation and acting as a natural biological scaffold as well as a reservoir of cytokines and growth factors that support cell activity. Although promising, more clinical studies are warranted in order to further clarify the efficacy of this strategy.
Highlights
These effects are due to the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to release key agents, including vasculoendothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), and stem cell factor (SCF), among others
Elaborating further, a bone marrow aspirate (BMA) clot has superior advantages over other biological products; for instance, the bone marrow fibrin clot appears to offer a significantly higher concentration of VEGF, bFGF, IGF-1, SDF-1, and HGF in exposed cell cultures than in cells treated with peripheral blood fibrin clot [45]
This may ameliorate rehabilitation and anticipate a patient’s return to routine activities. Considering these observations, we argue that the BMA Matrix may share similar mechanisms and effects—which have been previously suggested in the numerous studies cited in this manuscript
Summary
Despite the fact that they effectively alleviate pain, their use is known to be associated with potentially serious dose-dependent gastrointestinal (GI) complications, such as upper GI bleeding [4] Given this complicated scenario, the rise in demand for novel therapeutic interventions has inspired researchers across the globe to expand the field of regenerative medicine, resulting in the development of orthobiologics. Regenerative medicine and the associated literature are growing incessantly; BMA-derived products display optimistic results, their mechanisms have not been completely elucidated yet This manuscript aims to review the current advances regarding bone marrow aspirate products and proposes the “BMA Matrix” as a feasible part of the orthobiologic landscape in regenerative medicine—one that is being valuable for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
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