Abstract
The bone marrow is a favored site for a number of cancers, including the hematological malignancy multiple myeloma, and metastasis of breast and prostate cancer. This specialized microenvironment is highly supportive, not only for tumor growth and survival but also for the development of an associated destructive cancer-induced bone disease. The interactions between tumor cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts are well documented. By contrast, despite occupying a significant proportion of the bone marrow, the importance of bone marrow adipose tissue is only just emerging. The ability of bone marrow adipocytes to regulate skeletal biology and hematopoiesis, combined with their metabolic activity, endocrine functions, and proximity to tumor cells means that they are ideally placed to impact both tumor growth and bone disease. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of how marrow adipose tissue contributes to bone metastasis and cancer-induced bone disease.
Highlights
For the majority of cancers, surgical removal of an isolated primary tumor can be curative
In 1889, Stephen Paget published a paper proposing that disseminating cancer cells or “seeds” would only colonize secondary sites or “soils” that were compatible with their growth [2]
The growth factors bind to receptors on the cell surface of the tumor cells and activate SMAD and MAPK signaling, extracellular calcium binds and activates calcium pumps leading to tumor cell proliferation and the production of parathyroid hormonerelated peptide (PTHrP), thereby causing a vicious cycle of events that result in osteolytic lesions and the progression of cancer metastasis [8,9,10]
Summary
For the majority of cancers, surgical removal of an isolated primary tumor can be curative. Metastasis is a highly inefficient process with
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