Abstract
Until today, significant progress has been achieved in understanding bone homeostasis. Studies have shown that several signaling pathways are involved in embryonic bone formation, as well as bone fracture healing. Some of these signaling pathways have direct osteoinductive effects, which help the bone repair process. Understanding the crosstalk between osteoinductive molecular pathways in bone formation and bone regeneration may pave the way for novel treatment options and the development of cell-based therapeutic approaches for patients who face challenges in bone healing. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of the published literature in this field to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the role and crosstalk of important signaling pathways in bone formation and repair, including Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt/Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), and Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)/ Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β.
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