Abstract
Bone diseases include a wide group of skeletal-related disorders that cause mobility limitations and mortality. In some cases, e.g., in osteosarcoma (OS) and metastatic bone cancer, current treatments are not fully effective, mainly due to low patient compliance and to adverse side effects. To overcome these drawbacks, nanotechnology is currently under study as a potential strategy allowing specific drug release kinetics and enhancing bone regeneration. Polymers, ceramics, semiconductors, metals, and self-assembled molecular complexes are some of the most used nanoscale materials, although in most cases their surface properties need to be tuned by chemical or physical reactions. Among all, scaffolds, nanoparticles (NPs), cements, and hydrogels exhibit more advantages than drawbacks when compared to other nanosystems and are therefore the object of several studies. The aim of this review is to provide information about the current therapies of different bone diseases focusing the attention on new discoveries in the field of targeted delivery systems. The authors hope that this paper could help to pursue further directions about bone targeted nanosystems and their application for bone diseases and bone regeneration.
Highlights
Bone is one of the most important organs of the human body which sustains and protects other organs, produces blood cells, and regulates hormones [1]
The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent progress of bone targeted drug delivery systems for the treatment of bone diseases like bone metastases, OS, osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 875 and bone regeneration
A widely used option for the local drug delivery of antibiotics is represented by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cements or beads loaded with hydrophilic drugs such as gentamicin sulfate (GS), ceftriaxone, tobramycin (TOB), and vancomycin, numerous clinical drawbacks like non-biodegradability, need to be surgical removed and exhibition of a burst and inconsistent release profile are connected with their use
Summary
Bone is one of the most important organs of the human body which sustains and protects other organs, produces blood cells, and regulates hormones [1]. The treatment of bone diseases requires oral and bolus administration of high doses of drug in order to reach effective drug concentrations in the bone tissue. There is a critical necessity to optimize the delivery of effective drug concentrations to the bone disorder site without reaching toxic levels in blood. The material forms used for this aim include a range of nanoscale compounds like polymers, ceramics, semiconductors, metals, and self-assembled molecular complexes Such nanomaterials should be able to deliver drugs, and different biomolecules which could allow specific release kinetics and biodistribution and enhance bone regeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent progress of bone targeted drug delivery systems for the treatment of bone diseases like bone metastases, OS, osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 875 and bone regeneration. It is hoped that the discussion presented could allow the pursuit of further directions about bone targeted drug delivery and its application for bone diseases and bone regeneration [1]
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