Abstract
Objective Bone defects or atrophy may arise as a consequence of injury, inflammation of various etiologies, and neoplastic or traumatic processes or as a result of surgical procedures. Sometimes the regeneration process of bone loss is impaired, significantly slowed down, or does not occur, e.g., in congenital defects. For the bone defect reconstruction, a piece of the removed bone from ala of ilium or bone transplantation from a decedent is used. Replacement of the autologous or allogenic source of the bone-by-bone substitute could reduce the number of surgeries and time in the pharmacological coma during the reconstruction of the bone defect. Application of mesenchymal stem cells in the reconstruction surgery may have positive influence on tissue regeneration by secretion of angiogenic factors, recruitment of other MSCs, or differentiation into osteoblasts. Materials and Methods. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from the umbilical cord (Wharton's jelly (WJ-MSC)) were cultured in GMP-grade DMEM low glucose supplemented with heparin, 10% platelet lysate, glucose, and antibiotics. In vitro WJ-MSCs were seeded on the bone substitute Bio-Oss Collagen® and cultured in the StemPro® Osteogenesis Differentiation Kit. During the culture on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 21st day (day in vitro (DIV)), we analyzed viability (confocal microscopy) and adhesion capability (electron microscopy) of WJ-MSC on Bio-Oss scaffolds, gene expression (qPCR), and secretion of proteins (Luminex). In vivo Bio-Oss® scaffolds with WJ-MSC were transplanted to trepanation holes in the cranium to obtain their overgrowth. The computed tomography was performed 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery to assess the regeneration. Results The Bio-Oss® scaffold provides a favourable environment for WJ-MSC survival. WJ-MSCs in osteodifferentiation medium are able to attach and proliferate on Bio-Oss® scaffolds. Results obtained from qPCR and Luminex® indicate that WJ-MSCs possess the ability to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells and may induce osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, and mobilization of host MSCs. In animal studies, WJ-MSCs seeded on Bio-Oss® increased the scaffold integration with host bone and changed their morphology to osteoblast-like cells. Conclusions The presented construct consisted of Bio-Oss®, the scaffold with high flexibility and plasticity, approved for clinical use with seeded immunologically privileged WJ-MSC which may be considered reconstructive therapy in bone defects.
Highlights
Bone defects resulting from a birth defect, injury, or ongoing disease processes often require reconstruction
Despite the observations described by the Amable group, which found that Wharton’s jelly (WJ)-MSCs do not secrete VEGF [31], during our experiments, we observed a significant increase in VEGF-D level in the differentiating medium from days 2 to 7 and maintaining this level until day 21
In our in vitro studies, we have shown that WJ-MSCs are able to colonize the Bio-Oss® Collagen scaffold, and the resulting construct is characterized by high cell survival and allows the formation of complex osteoblastic structures with a characteristic disappearance of the boundaries between individual cells
Summary
Bone defects resulting from a birth defect, injury, or ongoing disease processes often require reconstruction. As a standard procedure, own bone transplants were used. This means an additional procedure and sometimes health complications for the patient. According to scientific studies, such bone transplants undergo more often atrophy than tested biomaterial scaffolds. By introducing the bone scaffold into the human body, it is assumed that it will perform a specific function for a long time. Good anastomosis of the implant with the bone and its proper elasticity could create conditions that accompany the normal healing process of bone defect
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