Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two age-related diseases that affect the quality of life in the elderly. Initially, they were thought to be two independent diseases; however, recently, increasing basic and clinical data suggest that skeletal muscle and bone are both spatially and metabolically connected. The term “osteosarcopenia” is used to define a condition of synergy of low bone mineral density with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Bone and muscle cells secrete several factors, such as cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, into the circulation to influence the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs derived from senescent skeletal muscle and bone cells can also be transported and aid in regulating bone-muscle crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the age-related changes in the secretome and extracellular vesicle-microRNAs secreted by the muscle and bone, and discuss their interactions between muscle and bone cells during aging.
Highlights
With increasing aging populations, studies regarding aging have become an emerging field
We focus on bone-muscle crosstalk during aging, briefly describe several classical and new myokines and osteokines (Tables 1, 2 and Figure 1), discuss how Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-microRNAs change with age (Table 3 and Figure 2), and point out the shortcomings of present studies and provide prospects of the potential field in age-related musculoskeletal diseases
They found that recombinant irisin injection in young male mice once a week at a low dose of 100 μg/kg for 4 weeks increases cortical bone mass and stimulates osteoblastic bone formation without altering energy metabolism, indicating that irisin promotes expression of activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4), which subsequently enhances the biological activity of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and a series of osteogenic transcription factors, enabling bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to develop into the osteogenic lineage (Colaianni et al, 2015)
Summary
Chen He1, Wenzhen He1, Jing Hou, Kaixuan Chen, Mei Huang, Mi Yang, Xianghang Luo and Changjun Li1,2,3*. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two age-related diseases that affect the quality of life in the elderly. They were thought to be two independent diseases; recently, increasing basic and clinical data suggest that skeletal muscle and bone are both spatially and metabolically connected. Bone and muscle cells secrete several factors, such as cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, into the circulation to influence the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs derived from senescent skeletal muscle and bone cells can be transported and aid in regulating bone-muscle crosstalk. We summarize the age-related changes in the secretome and extracellular vesicle-microRNAs secreted by the muscle and bone, and discuss their interactions between muscle and bone cells during aging
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