Abstract
Cycling is a not weight-bearing activity and is known to induce bone resorption. Stage races are really strenuous endurance performances affecting the energy homeostasis. The recently highlighted link, in the co-regulation of bone and energy metabolism, demonstrates a central role for the equilibrium between carboxylated and undercarboxylated forms of osteocalcin. Aim of this study was to understand the acute physiological responses to a cycling stage race in terms of bone turnover and energy metabolism and the possible co-regulative mechanisms underlying their relationship. We studied nine professional cyclists engaged in 2011 Giro d’Italia stage race. Pre-analytical and analytical phases tightly followed academic and anti-doping authority’s recommendations. Bone and energy metabolism markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin, leptin and adiponectin) and related hormones (cortisol and testosterone) were measured, by Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassays, at days -1 (pre-race), 12 and 22 during the race. The power output and the energy expenditure (mean and accumulated) were derived and correlated with the biochemical indexes. During the race, bone metabolism showed that an unbalance in behalf of resorption, which is enhanced, occurred along with a relative increase in the concentration of the undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin that was indirectly related to the enhanced energy expenditure, through adipokines modifications, with leptin decrease (high energy consumption) and adiponectin increase (optimization of energy expenditure). The exertion due to heavy effort induced a decrease of cortisol, while testosterone levels resulted unchanged. In conclusion, during a 3-weeks stage race, bone metabolism is pushed towards resorption. A possible relationship between the bone and the energy metabolisms is suggested by the relative correlations among absolute and relative concentrations trends of undercarboxylated OC, adipokines concentrations, BMI, fat mass (%), power output and the derived energy expenditure.
Highlights
Professional cycling 3-weeks stage races such as Tour de France, Vuelta a Espana and Giro d’Italia, very popular sport events, could be included among the most strenuous athletic performances [1]
The increase in thyroid hormones might be due to haemoconcentration or to the release of thyroid hormonetransporting proteins. These effects could be related to an impaired peripheral conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,39-triiodothyronine [9], possibly brought by cortisol increase that is in turn induced by leptin decrease [10], as a result of an energy unbalance
This study is aimed to study bone metabolism markers, adipokines and hormones involved in the loop of energy metabolism regulation in professional cyclists who competed in the 2011 Giro d’Italia
Summary
Professional cycling 3-weeks stage races such as Tour de France, Vuelta a Espana and Giro d’Italia, very popular sport events, could be included among the most strenuous athletic performances [1]. The increase in thyroid hormones might be due to haemoconcentration or to the release of thyroid hormonetransporting proteins These effects could be related to an impaired peripheral conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,39-triiodothyronine [9], possibly brought by cortisol increase that is in turn induced by leptin decrease [10], as a result of an energy unbalance. The intensity and the duration of the exercise during 3-weeks stage races induce a rise of insulin growth factor I concentrations during the first week, and, after an adaptation, its stabilization after three weeks This parameter is linked to nutritional status and to both insulin and growth hormone production and release [7]
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