Bonding in the ClOO(2A″) and BrOO(2A″) radical: Nonrelativistic single-reference versus relativistic multi-reference descriptions in density functional theory

Abstract

The 2A″ state of ClOO and BrOO is investigated using single- and multi-reference DFT (density functional theory). Unrestricted DFT (UDFT) carried out with the BLYP functional exaggerates the ionic character of the X–OO bond (X=Cl, Br) and by this its bond dissociation energy, while UDFT with the B3LYP functional underestimates ionic character and bond dissociation energies. In previous investigations, this was overlooked and has led to a misleading interpretation of single determinant UDFT results for XOO(2A″). The correct description of the two radicals can only be achieved by an appropriate configurational state mixing between the doublet ground state (leading to ionic character) and the first excited state, a quartet state leading to covalent character of the X–OO bond. REKS (spin-restricted ensemble-referenced Kohn–Sham) theory provides a multireference description and is capable of describing bonding in XOO correctly provided it is carried out with the hybrid functional B3LYP rather than BLYP, which is the result of the self-interaction error of pure exchange functionals and the inclusion of non-specific non-dynamic electron correlation effects suppressing the specific ones introduced by REKS. The relevance of results for the DFT description of related compounds (HOOO radical, MOO with M =Cu, Ag or Au) or multi-reference problems in general is discussed.