Boko Haram’s Child Soldiers: Media Mujahids, Martyrs, and Militants

Abstract

ABSTRACT This article investigates the lived experiences and roles of children under Boko Haram’s two factions. Unlike case studies of Islamic State “cubs,” children in Boko Haram have been neglected in the literature. Filling that gap, this article analyzes more than thirty videos and photograph sets from the two factions. Visual ethnography is utilized to examine material depicting children in both “staged” and “unstaged” roles in Boko Haram, and in ways to maximize impacts on viewers. The four main activities of the children in videos and photographs include combat and training with weapons as well as participating in Islamic education; gathering for prayer; using technology to create media content, including filming battles; and, in the case of the Chibok schoolgirls, being filmed as hostages or, eventually, as loyal members. The videos of the Chibok girls also reveal how children are gendered in Boko Haram. Child soldiers is an issue at the forefront of the paper’s framing. Given the depictions of children in our data, we move beyond labeling child soldiers as all those under eighteen and differentiate between those under fifteen and those between fifteen and eighteen years old.