Abstract
Facial characteristics may provide reliable information giving an insight into the inner nature of an individual. This study examines the differences in widely used facial metrics, including cheek-to-jaw width ratio (CJWR), width-to-height ratio (WHR), perimeter-to-area ratio (PAR), and facial masculinity indexes across Sasang constitutional types, to investigate the association between these facial cues and body mass index (BMI) and develop a predictive model for Sasang typing. 2D images of 911 participants were analyzed. The results indicated that TaeEum (TE) type generally has a squarer face, with the male TE type having a squarer and wider face than that of both SoYang (SY) and SoEum (SE) types. Male TE type has longer eyes than that of the SE type, and the lower face of the female TE type is longer than that of the SY type. PAR, WHR, CJWR, and eye size had associations with BMI, and the magnitude of correlation of CJWR in Korean men were twofold higher than that of the Caucasian and African men. BMI and facial metrics including PAR, WHR, CJWR, and eye size were good predictors for TE type, and the most parsimonious model for TE typing included BMI and CJWR with high predictive performances.
Highlights
The human face containing cues of gender, ethnicity, attractiveness, emotions, personality traits, and so on has been the subject of speculation for centuries [1]
This study examines the differences in widely used facial metrics, including cheek-to-jaw width ratio (CJWR), width-to-height ratio (WHR), perimeterto-area ratio (PAR), and facial masculinity indexes across Sasang constitutional types, to investigate the association between these facial cues and body mass index (BMI) and develop a predictive model for Sasang typing. 2D images of 911 participants were analyzed
The present study indicated that several facial metrics that are commonly used in the study of facial structure could be employed to distinguish the Sasang constitutional types, especially the TE type
Summary
The human face containing cues of gender, ethnicity, attractiveness, emotions, personality traits, and so on has been the subject of speculation for centuries [1]. In the West, physiognomy, the theory used to assess a person’s nature and personality via external appearance and face, was first mentioned by ancient Greek philosophers and was later described in detail by Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801) [2]. In the East, particular facial characteristics were believed to refer to assessable information of an individual’s personality and destiny (according to “face reading” theory), as well as health status Chinese medicine) [3, 4] These theories seem to be fanciful, and they are criticized from a scientific viewpoint. Scientific evidences found recently indicate that the human face can provide reliable information to understand the inner nature of a person. Numerous studies have revealed that facial attractiveness is correlated with longevity [12], reproductive health [13, 14] as well as some physical
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