Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Treating an Underrecognized Disorder

Abstract

“Mr. H,” a 33-year-old single white male, presented with preoccupations focused on his “thinning” hair, facial “acne,” and “short” fingers. He began to worry excessively about his appearance at age 15, focusing at that time on his “pale” skin and “uneven” cheekbones. Mr. H described his appearance preoccupations as “severely upsetting,” but he was too embarrassed to reveal them to family or friends. Even though he looked normal to others, Mr. H was “100% convinced” that these body areas appeared “abnormal and deformed,” although in the past he had sometimes thought that “maybe I don't look so bad.” He believed that other people took special notice of him and “laugh at me behind my back because I look so ugly.” Mr. H spent 5 to 6 hours a day thinking about his perceived appearance flaws. He also performed compulsive behaviors for 4 to 5 hours a day, which included excessive mirror checking, comparing his appearance with that of other people, wearing and frequently adjusting a baseball cap to cover his hair, picking his skin to remove tiny blemishes, and searching the Internet for acne and hair loss treatments. Mr. H's appearance preoccupations and compulsive behaviors made it difficult to concentrate on his job as a store clerk and often made him late for work. In the past few weeks, he had missed work several times because he thought his skin looked particularly bad on those days. Mr. H avoided many social events with family and friends as well as sexual intimacy with his girlfriend because of shame over how he looked. In addition, he reported depressed mood, anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, and passive suicidal ideation, and he had attempted suicide 5 years ago. He attributed his depressive symptoms and suicidal thinking to his appearance concerns, stating, “If I didn't look like such a freak, I wouldn't feel so hopeless and depressed.” Mr. H had received treatment from a dermatologist for his acne concerns, which did not diminish his preoccupations. He had never received psychiatric treatment and was ambivalent about trying it because, as he stated, “my appearance problems are real.”