Body Composition Trajectories During the First 23 Months of Life Differ by HIV Exposure Among Infants in Western Kenya: A Prospective Study

Abstract

BackgroundInfants who are HIV-exposed and uninfected have suboptimal growth patterns compared to those who are HIV-unexposed and uninfected. However, little is known about how these patterns persist beyond 1 year of life. ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine whether infant body composition and growth trajectories differed by HIV exposure during the first 2 years of life among Kenyan infants using advanced growth modeling. MethodsRepeated infant body composition and growth measurements (mean: 6; range: 2–7) were obtained from 6 weeks to 23 months in the Pith Moromo cohort in Western Kenya (n = 295, 50% HIV-exposed and uninfected, 50% male). Body composition trajectory groups were fitted using latent class mixed modeling (LCMM) and associations between HIV exposure and growth trajectories were examined using logistic regression analysis. ResultsAll infants exhibited poor growth. However, HIV-exposed infants generally grew suboptimally than unexposed infants. Across all body composition models except for the sum of skinfolds, HIV-exposed infants had a higher likelihood of belonging to the suboptimal growth groups identified by LCMM than the HIV-unexposed infants. Notably, HIV-exposed infants were 3.3 times more likely (95% CI: 1.5–7.4) to belong to the length-for-age z-score growth class that remained at a z-score of < −2, indicating stunted growth. HIV-exposed infants were also 2.6 times more likely (95% CI: 1.2–5.4) to belong to the weight-for-length-for-age z-score growth class that remained between 0 and −1, and were 4.2 times more likely (95% CI: 1.9–9.3) to belong to the weight-for-age z-score growth class that indicated poor weight gain besides stunted linear growth. ConclusionsIn a cohort of Kenyan infants, HIV-exposed infants grew suboptimally compared to HIV-unexposed infants beyond 1 year of age. These growth patterns and longer-term effects should be further investigated to support the ongoing efforts to reduce early-life HIV exposure-related health disparities.