Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six-month-long physical exercise programme with a two-time exposure to whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in 20 sessions on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid profile, and body composition changes in obese people (30 adult subjects; BMI = 30.39 ± 4.31 kg/m2). Blood samples were taken before the programme, one month following the exercise programme, before and after the first WBC treatment, six months following the exercise programme, after the second WBC treatment, and finally one month after the intervention. Six months of moderate aerobic activity combined with WBC did not change body mass or fat and lean body mass percentages, or circulating adiponectin, leptin, and resistin concentrations. In response to intervention a significant decrease in the level of low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides was observed, with a slight increase in high-density lipoprotein concentration. The nature of changes in the activity of respective antioxidant enzymes was not identical. After one month of increased physical activity, a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities was observed (13%, 8%, and 70%, resp.). The SOD activity increased significantly after successive whole-body cryostimulation sessions. As regards catalase, a significant progressive decrease in its activity was observed.
Highlights
Obesity results from excessive energy intake compared with the energy expenditure
It seems that changes in lipid metabolism, taking place during repeated exposure to cryogenic temperatures applied on the whole body, may affect the concentration of respective lipid fractions in the blood serum of the subjects undergoing treatments and induce changes of the adaptive nature, the consequences of which could be of importance in the prevention of overweight and obesity and such diseases as metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus
It should be noted that no dietary restriction was applied to the subjects; it is very likely that they could increase the caloric content of their diet due to increased energy expenditure associated with the inclusion of physical activity into their lifestyle, which would give no effects related to the reduction of body mass
Summary
Obesity results from excessive energy intake compared with the energy expenditure. A BMI of 20 to 25.9 is considered a normal weight, 25 to 29.9 is overweight, and that equal to or greater than 30 is obesity [1]. The percentage of people living a sedentary lifestyle, which is accompanied by increased visceral fatty tissue deposit, being a source of hormones and adipokines and other biologically active factors, is still growing. The clinical significance of abdominal obesity is well known and is associated with adverse changes in lipid indicators and its relationship with increased risk of coronary heart disease and hypertension [2]. Obesity in humans is considered a state of chronic inflammation, low-grade proinflammatory state, and adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia leading to imbalanced adipokine secretion
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