Abstract
The Pregnancy Obesity Nutrition and Child Health study is a longitudinal study of reproductive health. Here we analyzed body composition of normal-weight and obese Swedish women by three methods during each trimester of pregnancy. Cross-sectional and longitudinal fat mass estimates using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Tanita MC-180MA-III) were compared with fat mass determined by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in pregnancy weeks 8–12, 24–26, and 35–37 in normal-weight women (n = 122, BMI = 22.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2) and obese women (n = 29, BMI = 34.6 ± 3.6 kg/m2). ADP results were calculated from pregnancy-adjusted fat-free mass densities. Mean fat mass by QMR and ADP were similar in obese women, although with wide limits of agreement. In normal-weight women, QMR overestimated mean fat mass in all trimesters, with systematic overestimation at low fat mass values in trimesters 1 and 3. In obese women, fat mass by BIA was grossly underestimated and imprecise in all trimesters, especially at higher values in trimester 2. In normal-weight women, fat mass by BIA was moderately lower than by ADP in trimester 1, similar in trimester 2, and moderately higher in trimester 3. QMR and ADP assessed fat mass changes similarly in obese women, whereas BIA overestimated fat mass changes in normal-weight women. Mean fat mass and fat mass changes by QMR and pregnancy-adjusted ADP were similar in pregnant obese women. Mean fat mass by QMR and fat mass changes by BIA were higher than corresponding values determined by pregnancy-adjusted ADP in normal-weight women.
Highlights
Appropriate gestational weight gain (GWG)—reflecting contributions from fetus, placenta, mammary glands, uterus, fat tissue, amniotic fluid, extracellular fluids, and blood volume expansion—is important for a successful pregnancy and avoiding complications such as pre-eclampsia and low birth weight [1]
fat mass (FM) changes assessed by quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) and by pregnancy-adjusted air displacement plethysmography (ADP) were similar throughout pregnancy in obese women, but only between trimesters 1 and 2 in normal weight women
We present body composition data determined in all trimesters of pregnancy by ADP, QMR, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in normal weight and obese women
Summary
Appropriate gestational weight gain (GWG)—reflecting contributions from fetus, placenta, mammary glands, uterus, fat tissue, amniotic fluid, extracellular fluids, and blood volume expansion—is important for a successful pregnancy and avoiding complications such as pre-eclampsia and low birth weight [1]. The gold standard for measuring body composition during pregnancy is a four-component model based on body weight (BW), densitometry, total body water (TBW) determined by stable isotope dilution, and bone mineral content [2] measured before [3] or after pregnancy [3, 4]. The threecomponent model, using densitometry and TBW, controls for interindividual variation in fat-free mass (FFM) hydration. Body composition technology such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, yields values for fat mass (FM) and bone mineral. There is a need for safe and easy methods to measure body composition during pregnancy
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