Abstract
Amyloid formation plays a major role in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) are one of the primary markers associated with this pathology. Aβ aggregates exhibit a diverse range of morphologies with distinct pathological activities. Recognition of the Aβ aggregates by using small molecule-based probes and sensors should not only enhance understanding of the underlying mechanisms of amyloid formation, but also facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to interfere with amyloid neurotoxicity. BODIPY (boron dipyrrin) dyes are among the most versatile small molecule fluorophores. BODIPY scaffolds could be functionalized to tune their photophysical properties to the desired ranges as well as to adapt these dyes to various types of conditions and environments. Thus, BODIPY dyes could be viewed as unique platforms for the design of probes and sensors that are capable of detecting and tracking structural changes of various Aβ aggregates. This review summarizes currently available examples of BODIPY dyes that have been used to investigate conformational changes of Aβ peptides, self-assembly processes of Aβ, as well as Aβ interactions with various molecules.
Highlights
Protein folding is one of the most complex, challenging, and fascinating phenomena of modern science and medicine
In order to track diverse range of intermediates leading to amyloid formation, various types of probes and sensors are required
No detailed, comprehensive analyses and summaries in regard to the BODIPY dyes and amyloid-β peptides have been made to date
Summary
Protein folding is one of the most complex, challenging, and fascinating phenomena of modern science and medicine. In order to track diverse range of intermediates leading to amyloid formation, various types of probes and sensors are required. In light of increasing number of accounts, as well as diversity of reported structures and approaches, approaches, it is warranted to summarize the information that deals with BODIPY dyes it is warranted to and summarize theconformational information that dealsprocesses, with BODIPY dyes as probes and as probes sensors of changes, self-assembly and interactions of sensors amyloid-β of conformational changes, self-assembly processes, and interactions of amyloid-β peptides. This review is based onpublished the information available the primary accountsand thatBODIPY are published accounts that are in scientific journals.inPatents that areliterature related to amyloids dyes were not included in this review due to scarcity of experimental information typically given in in this in scientific journals. Review due to scarcity of experimental information typically given in patent literature
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