İBN HALDUN’DA İSYAN OLGUSU

Abstract

The rebellions evaluated within social movements have attracted the attention of scientists interested in social sciences because of the factors such as the movement of large masses during their emergence and the profound changes they have made in the structures of societies. Rebellions need common and powerful ideals that will bring the masses together and enable them to act during their emergence. The union of common ideals reveals enthusiastic community psychology in which the rebellious community will risk death when necessary. The emergence of this awareness, which brings the rebellious community to the point of defiance and conflict with political authority, has in itself different social-psychological elements. The mobility of the small or large masses during the emergence of the riots, the capacity of the crowd, and the collective movement they formed were also a remarkable aspect and seemed interesting to those who had turned their eyes to society in the traditional and modern periods. The huge movement of the crowds and the resulting violence can be seen to cause fear and anxiety while awaken amazement in people. Beyond these, whether successful or not, the changes that occurred in the society after the rebellion lead to the restructuring of the society, but also to the emergence of different social situations and the beginning of a process that cannot be return. Successful rebellions are seen as one of the important factors in terms of social change. It even comes to a point where it can lead to revolutions that completely change the basic structure of society. In this context, we can say that every revolution contains a successful rebellion. Failed rebellions can lead to massive massacres, deportations and social collapse. In this case, the society loses its balance and begins to seek new processes of structuring. Nothing will ever be the same for the community that rebelled and failed, and for the community that held political authority and suppressed the revolt. Religious social movements, which are a subpart of social movements, are separated from other social movements by the common ideal aspect of their formation. The main factor that mobilizes communities in religious social movements is the inspiration they receive from the Holy. The connection of religious social movements with the Holy puts them in a more exuberant state. When mass psychology adds to the movement that begins with a sense of prayer, communities devoted to its cause emerge. these are the movements in which the highest emotional intensity is experienced within the social movements. In the same way, religious rebellions are social movements formed by this feeling and thought, and the struggle of the dedicated masses to violently subvert political authority and to replace it with political authority in accordance with their own religious ideals. During this conflict, there is a leader who leads the society to rebellion. This leader derives his authority from religion and is named as a charismatic religious leader in this aspect. Ibn Khaldun approached the social events that occurred in history and emerged during his life from a perspective that no other scholar had ever looked at; he used the method used by today’s sociology by separating the facts from the events. He has been regarded by many scholars as one of the founders or early representatives of sociology. In his book Mukaddime, he said that he dealt with historical events in a way that was not seen until that day, and that this was a new branch of science that had not been named until that day. This new knowledge he found has given the name Ilmi Umran. The fact that this perspective, which he elaborated in the Mukaddime, overlaps with today’s sociology in many fields makes it relatively justifiable to those who gave him the title of first sociologist. It is important to examine the first sociologist’s view and assessment of social movements that perform important functions in terms of social changes, especially the movements of rebellion. Ibn Khaldun is a scientist and theorist who reveals works, educates students and acts as a muslim judge, but is also an active personality who works in State Affairs, advises and takes roles in political matters when necessary. Ibn Khaldun, who had seen many revolts throughout his life and witnessed how statesmen were killed and states were destroyed, did not hold back in organizing revolts and shaping political structures when necessary. In addition, he identified the theoretical reasons that led to the riots in Mukaddime and identified the roles played by the bedouin and hadari communities in this regard.