BMP9 attenuates IL-33 signaling and prevents endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Abstract

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Dutch Cardiovascular Alliance - PHAEDRA IMPACT Background Pulmonary Arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease characterized by increased vascular resistance and remodeling of the pulmonary arteries. Disturbed Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, often associated with mutations in the gene encoding for the bone morphogenic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), emerges as a central culprit in the pathogenesis of PAH. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has been identified as an inducer of EndMT, and its soluble receptor ST2 (sST2) has emerged as a potential biomarker for PAH. Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 9, a BMPR2 ligand, showing a high affinity for endothelial cells, is being explored as a therapeutic approach. Purpose We hypothesize that a crosstalk between the TGF-β pathway and IL-33, a known promoter of vascular remodeling, occurs in PAH. This study aims to unravel the protective role of BMP9 in PAH, with a specific focus on the involvement of EndMT, a key player in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Methods The expression of IL-33 protein levels was assessed in Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells (PAEC) and in lung tissues from experimentally induced PH (Sugen/Hypoxia (SuHx)) or control mice. Signal transduction and EndMT were investigated in PAECs exposed to IL-33, BMP9 and sST2, by gene expression analysis (qPCR), western blotting, ELISA and immunostaining. BMP9 and sST2 levels were measured in plasma from PAH patients by ELISA. Results Elevated IL-33 expression was observed in PAEC from PAH patients and lung tissues from SuHx mice compared to healthy controls. In vitro, BMP9 significantly induced the expression of the IL-33 soluble receptor ST2, while concurrently reducing IL-33 target gene expression. IL-33-induced EndoMT in PAEC was effectively mitigated by pre-incubation with BMP9, proving more efficacious than ST2 neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, a correlation between BMP9 and sST2 levels in plasma from PAH patients was identified. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that BMP9 offers superior protections against IL-33-induced EndMT in PAECs compared to a ST2 neutralizing antibody. BMP9 induces expression of sST2, leading to IL-33 neutralization and subsequent EndMT inhibition. Therefore, targeting the IL-33 pathway in PAH patients presents a promising therapeutic option for preventing EndMT. This study provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of PAH, revealing a potential therapeutic target for this rare disease.BMP9 inhibits IL-33 downstream signalingBMP9 protects from IL-33-induced EndMT