Abstract
The influence of private actors, such as non-profit organizations (NPOs) and firms, has been increasing in disaster governance. Previous literature has interrogated the responsibilities of states towards citizens in disasters, but the roles of private actors have been insufficiently challenged. The article politicizes the entangled relations between NPOs, states, and disaster-affected people. It proposes the Rawlsian division of moral labor as a useful, normative framework for interrogating the justice of disaster governance arrangements in which ‘liberal’ states are involved. Liberal states have two types of responsibilities in disasters: humanitarian and political. The humanitarian responsibilities imply provision of basic resources needed for the capacity to make autonomous choices (domestically and abroad), while the political responsibilities imply provision of the institutions needed for the liberal democratic citizenship (domestically). Through this analytical lens and building on the wealth of existing scholarship, we illustrate the disaster governance role of the American Red Cross in the United States (a 2005 hurricane) and in Haiti (the 2010 earthquake). Where, in Rawlsian terms, United States is interpreted as a ‘liberal’ society, Haiti is framed as a ‘burdened’ society. The article proposes five points to consider in analyzing disaster governance arrangements under neoliberal regimes, structured around the division of humanitarian and political responsibilities. The article illustrates how NPOS are instrumental in blurring the boundaries between humanitarian and political responsibilities. This might result ultimately in actual vulnerabilities remaining unaddressed. While the Rawlsian approach challenges the privatization and lack of coordination in disaster governance, it is limited in analyzing the political construction of ‘burdened’ societies.
Highlights
Many hazard types, from floods to nuclear tests, are either created or influenced by humans, and their devastating and unequal consequences to human lives are mostly anthropogenic (Kelman, 2018)
Through the analytical lens of division of moral labor we explore the role of the American Red Cross (ARC) in relation to a 2005 hurricane in the US and the 2010 earthquake in Haiti
In this article we have discussed the role of private actors, non-profit organizations (NPOs) in particular, as part of disaster governance
Summary
From floods to nuclear tests, are either created or influenced by humans, and their devastating and unequal consequences to human lives are mostly anthropogenic (Kelman, 2018). The article contributes to disaster studies by challenging the contemporary neoliberal disaster governance through the normative Rawlsian framework with an embedded emphasis on social justice, while centering NPOs as political actors potentially entangled with the political agendas of a state. This is done through a five-point list that shows how neoliberal disaster governance may change the organization of society and the basic boundaries between the different spheres of society in a politically significant manner. The third section illustrates the division of moral labor in disaster governance following the US hurricane and the Haiti earthquake through a focus on the ARC, and the final section concludes the article
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