Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth overview of the Bluetooth 5.1 Direction Finding standard’s potentials, thanks to enhancing the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) firmware. This improvement allows producers to create location applications based on the Angle of Departure (AoD) and the Angle of Arrival (AoA). Accordingly, it is conceivable to design proper Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS), for instance, for the traceability of resources, assets, and people. First of all, Radio Frequency (RF) radiogoniometry techniques, helpful in calculating AoA and AoD angles, are introduced in this paper. Subsequently, the topic relating to signal direction estimation is deepened. The Bluetooth Core Specification updates concerning version 5.1, both at the packet architecture and prototyping levels, are also reported. Some suitable platforms and development kits for running the new features are then presented, and some basic applications are illustrated. This paper’s final part allows ascertaining the improvement made by this new definition of BLE and possible future developments, especially concerning applications related to devices, assets, or people’s indoor localization. Some preliminary results gathered in a real evaluation scenario are also presented.
Highlights
Factories, warehouses, and manufacturing facilities increasingly use tags for real-time tracking of asset location [1,2]
A measurement scenario, utilizing several boards included in the SLWSTK6006A starter kit [48] and configured following the steps mentioned above (Figure 12), was realized to evaluate the benefits introduced by Bluetooth 5.1 concerning indoor positioning
This paper has bestowed an in-depth overview of Direction Finding capability for high-precision location services
Summary
Warehouses, and manufacturing facilities increasingly use tags for real-time tracking of asset location [1,2]. The Bluetooth Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) can be employed to measure the range from a recognized position, frequently, this methodology is not accurate for purposes such as an Indoor Location System (ILS) and resources traceability [17,18,19] It is required a reliable, cost-effective, and accurate, battery-powered solution for wireless asset tracking that can be used in indoor environments, offering long battery life [20,21,22,23,24]. The spec presented in [27] asserts that the version 5.1 of Bluetooth, known as Direction Finding, triangulates the position of a battery-powered tag, based on the phase shift of the signal acquired at two or more innumerable antennas.
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