Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs, BW-SPH-A to -F) and their simulated gastrointestinal digests (SGID, BW-SPH-A-GI to -F-GI) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Hydrolysate BW-SPH-A, both pre- and post-SGID, increased endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH)-treated cells and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2-challenged RAW264.7 cells compared with treated controls in the absence of BWSPHs (p < 0.05). BW-SPH-A-GI also exhibited higher ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities than the other BWSPHs tested (p < 0.05). All BWSPHs and SGID BWSPH samples induced immunostimulating effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages through the upregulation of NO production. BW-SPH-F-GI increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared with the LPS controls indicating the liberation of immunomodulatory peptide/amino acids during the SGID process. Therefore, BW-SPH-A and BW-SPH-F may have potential use against oxidative stress and immunosuppression-related diseases, respectively.
Highlights
Cellular metabolic processes and environmental factors, i.e., atmospheric pollutants, cigarette smoke, and radiation, generate free radicals categorised as either reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
The in vitro antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of six protein hydrolysates generated at industrial scale from the low-value underutilised species blue whiting, using different hydrolysis conditions, were assessed
Results obtained for simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs) demonstrate that BW-SPH-A and BW-SPH-E may have potential applications as antioxidant agents in a functional food offering
Summary
Cellular metabolic processes and environmental factors, i.e., atmospheric pollutants, cigarette smoke, and radiation, generate free radicals categorised as either reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Protection against oxidative stress in the body is provided via intracellular enzymatic antioxidant defence systems namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as non-enzymatic defence systems such as the glutathione system consisting of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms of glutathione. The antioxidant enzyme, SOD, is the first line of defence against free radicals and converts the superoxide anion (O2 − ·) to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and oxygen. Both CAT and GSH-PX reduce H2 O2 to water and oxygen, thereby preventing the formation of free radicals. GSH, which is a substrate for antioxidant enzymes such as GSH-Px directly scavenges free radicals, regenerates nutrient antioxidants (vitamins A and E) to their active forms and assists the transport of amino acids through the plasma membrane [2]
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