Abstract
Agastache rugosa, an herbaceous Korean perennial, contains pharmacologically important phenylpropanoids such as tilianin and rosmarinic acid. However, the knowledge of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids from A. rugosa is limited. Therefore, a study was conducted to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of A. rugosa and to investigate the influence of three different LED light wavelengths (white, blue and red) on the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, including altered gene expression and variance in rosmarinic acid accumulation in calli. Transcription analyses revealed that white LED light enhances RAS expression; transcript levels were 15.7- and 10.4-fold higher for calli treated with white LED light than for those treated with red and blue light, respectively. Similarly, HPPR and C4H were also more highly expressed under blue and white LED light. In addition, HPLC quantification assays indicated that the highest levels of rosmarinic acid accumulate in calli treated with blue, red and white light (in that order) one week after cultivation. Together, our gene expression and HPLC quantification results provide evidence that rosmarinic acid in A. rugosa increases with the application of various wavelengths of LED light.
Highlights
Medicinal plants and botanicals play an important role in substitutive health care services
We investigated the influences of three different LED wavelengths on the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, including changes in gene expression and variation in the synthesis of rosmarinic acid in A. rugose calli
LED lights influenced the expression of different genes in A. rugosa calli considerably
Summary
Medicinal plants and botanicals play an important role in substitutive health care services. Scientific interest in the treatment of infectious and degenerative diseases has focused on novel bioactive metabolites derived from medicinal plants, as they have fewer side effects than synthetic therapeutic compounds (Glorybai et al, 2015). Essential oils are used in the treatment of fungal infections caused by human and animal fungal pathogens (Gundidza, 1993), other metabolites have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer properties (Min et al, 1999; Hong et al, 2001; Song et al, 2001; Shin and Kang, 2003); still other metabolites, such as rosmarinic acid and tilianin, derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiatherogenic and vasorelaxant effects (Hong et al, 2001; Gao et al, 2005; Nam et al, 2006; Swarup et al, 2007; Hernández-Abreu et al, 2009; Al-Dhabi et al, 2014)
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