Abstract
With the wide-spread use of blockchain technology, Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) protocols are explored as a means to achieve consensus on which transactions should be processed next. BFT protocols are not a one-size-fits-all solution: they should be chosen according to the blockchain's use case, which can range from supply chain management to decentralised storage, requiring specialisation e.g. regarding throughput, latency, or level of decentralisation. Previously, consensus protocols were usually hardcoded into the blockchain infrastructure and could not be exchanged, therefore inhibiting flexible use of an otherwise generic blockchain infrastructure. Hyperledger Fabric claims to provide modular consensus and support for crash-fault and Byzantine fault tolerant protocols. However, integrating a BFT protocol has shown that Fabric's architecture is currently not well-suited for this fault model as it requires substantial changes and thereby breaks Fabric's modularity. This also has to be repeated for each integrated BFT protocol. In this paper, we present Bloxy, a blockchain-aware trusted proxy running on the replica that encapsulates all BFT client functionality. Bloxy enables transparent access to generic BFT frameworks and preserves Fabric's modularity even for the Byzantine fault model. It runs inside a trusted execution environment based on Intel's Software Guard Extensions. Bloxy offers blockchain-specific communication mechanisms as well as short-term block storage to handle crashes or disconnects to ensure that all nodes receive block updates. We implemented two Bloxy-based ordering services based on PBFT and the hybrid BFT protocol Hybster. Our evaluation shows that our approach increases throughput by up to 71% compared to directly integrated BFT protocols.
Highlights
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is based on the concept of a blockchain: the blocks, linked together by including the hash of the predecessor, contain ordered transactions, thereby securing the blockchain against manipulation
It overcomes the challenges that Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) protocols such as BFTSMART face: (i) We offer full modularity by transparently encapsulating all client functionality inside the BLOXY. (ii) We rely on a trusted subsystem that can only fail by crashing, thereby relaxing the Byzantine fault model to a hybrid one [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], allowing us to have trusted client functionality on BFT replicas
Our evaluation shows that the lower communication complexity of BLOXY increases the throughput of the ordering by up to 71 % compared to natively integrated BFT protocols
Summary
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is based on the concept of a blockchain: the blocks, linked together by including the hash of the predecessor, contain ordered transactions, thereby securing the blockchain against manipulation. Blockchains are increasingly employed in a growing number of use cases, such as improving transparency in SCM [2], notary or registration services [22], and resilient distributed storage services [23]. These use cases have different requirements, leading to use case dependent demands for the consensus protocol, e. If malicious behaviour can be excluded and nodes can only fail by crashing, a crash-fault tolerant protocol for the ordering service suffices.
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