Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is determined by several physiological factors that are regulated by a range of complex neural, endocrine, and paracrine mechanisms. This study examined a collection of 198 human genes related to BP regulation, in the biological processes and functional prisms, as well as gene expression in organs and tissues. This was made in conjunction with an orthology analysis performed in 19 target organisms along the phylogenetic tree. We have demonstrated that transport and signaling, as well as homeostasis in general, are the most prevalent biological processes associated with BP gene orthologs across the examined species. We showed that these genes and their orthologs are expressed primarily in the kidney and adrenals of complex organisms (e.g., high order vertebrates) and in the nervous system of low complexity organisms (e.g., flies, nematodes). Furthermore, we have determined that basic functions such as ion transport are ancient and appear in all organisms, while more complex regulatory functions, such as control of extracellular volume emerged in high order organisms. Thus, we conclude that the complex system of BP regulation evolved from simpler components that were utilized to maintain specific homeostatic functions that play key roles in existence and survival of organisms.
Highlights
IntroductionWe implement a comparative approach to review the phylogenetic history of the Blood pressure (BP) system via an analysis of BP associated genes and their orthologs in 19 organisms, enabling us to gain an evolutionary perspective of the development of the system
A set of orthologous proteins pertaining to these genes, from 19 organisms were obtained from two different sources—STRING and STRING—Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins, (http://stringdb.org/) is a meta-resource that aggregates most of the available information on protein–protein associations and includes both direct physical interactions and protein interactions derived from literature
This study examined a collection of 198 human genes related to Blood pressure (BP) regulation in biological processes and functional prisms, as well as gene expression in organ and tissue the biological processes and functional prisms, as well as gene expression in organ and perspective
Summary
We implement a comparative approach to review the phylogenetic history of the BP system via an analysis of BP associated genes and their orthologs in 19 organisms, enabling us to gain an evolutionary perspective of the development of the system. Current evidence proposes that the blood vascular system initially emerged in an ancestor of the tripoblasts over 600 million years ago, as a means to withstand the timedistance constraints of diffusion [2]. This has advanced over the course of evolution and expanded to a more complex “machinery” to support the functional requirements of high order organisms
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