Blood pressure control in kidney transplantation: therapeutic implications.

Abstract

Post-transplant hypertension remains a significant risk factor for graft loss, but whether or not specific blood pressure (BP) medications affect graft outcome is still unknown. We assessed the interaction between BP control and antihypertensive drugs on graft outcome. We retrospectively examined clinic BP data for 1662 renal transplant (RTx) patients, transplanted between 1994 and 2000 at our centre. The analysis examined all patients who received central alpha-agonists and peripheral alpha-antagonists, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). BP recordings during treatment were categorized for each agent. Thus, a particular BP could be categorized for multiple medications. A total of 1462 patients (pts) (88%) were Caucasian and 800 pts (46%) received cadaveric RTx. There were 10.6+/-6.8 BP measurements for each patient post-RTx. CCBs, alone among the classes of antihypertensive drugs evaluated, reduced the risk for graft loss (RR: 0.736; P=0.035) in the overall analysis. Interestingly, stratifying levels of BP control unmasked a beneficial effect on graft survival of ACEI/ARB therapy in individuals with higher levels of systolic (>152 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (>98 mmHg) treated with ACEI/ARBs compared to individuals treated with CCBs (P<0.01 for each). Thus, stabilizing BP is important post-RTx. CCBs are associated with improved rates of graft survival. Their role in a compromised RTx, however, deserves further study. ACEI/ARBs have clear benefits, improving graft survival in individuals with elevated systolic blood pressure and proteinuria. CCBs are not as efficacious in this setting.