Abstract
In this study, single-channel photoplethysmography (PPG) signals were used to estimate the heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). A deep learning model was proposed using a long-term recurrent convolutional network (LRCN) modified from a deep learning algorithm, the convolutional neural network model of the modified inception deep learning module, and a long short-term memory network (LSTM) to improve the model's accuracy of BP and HR measurements. The PPG data of 1,551 patients were obtained from the University of California Irvine Machine Learning Repository. How to design a filter of PPG signals and how to choose the loss functions for deep learning model were also discussed in the study. Finally, the stability of the proposed model was tested using a 10-fold cross-validation, with an MAE ± SD of 2.942 ± 5.076 mmHg for SBP, 1.747 ± 3.042 mmHg for DBP, and 1.137 ± 2.463 bpm for the HR. Compared with its existing counterparts, the model entailed less computational load and was more accurate in estimating SBP, DBP, and HR. These results established the validity of the model.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the world’s leading causes of death
The novelty of this design resides in a deep learning framework that features a customized model and a multi-output capability to estimate the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the heart rate (HR) simultaneously
The PPG and arterial blood pressure (ABP) records of 12,000 patients were sampled from the University of California Irvine (UCI) Machine Learning Repository at a frequency of 125 Hz
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the world’s leading causes of death. Common. The proposed CNN–LSTM framework—which leveraged the strengths of both neural networks and the feature extraction capability of the inception module—functioned as a highperformance model The novelty of this design resides in a deep learning framework that features a customized model and a multi-output capability to estimate the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the heart rate (HR) simultaneously. Such a framework has been successfully tested with the cuff-less blood pressure estimation dataset, which consists of monitoring data for ICU patients with different CVD complications [29].
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