Abstract
Background.Lead can cause significant biological and neurologic damage, even at small concentrations, and young children are at higher risk. Informal recycling of lead batteries and lead-based workshops/industries have increased the burden of lead toxicity in developing countries, including India. Many informal recycling lead battery workshops have been established by the local people of Patna, Bihar as self-employment opportunities. However, most of the residents are not aware of the risk factors associated with lead poisoning.Objectives.The present pilot study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLLs) and hemoglobin levels among children aged between 3 to 12 years in the settlement of Karmalichak near Patna, India.Materials and Methods.Children residing near the informal lead battery manufacturing unit were selected for BLL assessment. A total of 41 children were enrolled in the questionnairebased survey.Results.All the children in the present study had detectable lead concentrations in their blood. Only 9% of the studied children had a BLL ≤5 μg/dl, while 91% children had a BLL above >5 μg/dl.Conclusions.The present study carried out in children of Karmalichak region of Patna, India was an attempt to better understand the problem of lead toxicity, describe the epidemiology of its adverse effects, identify sources and routes of exposure, illustrate the clinical effects and develop strategies of prevention so that remedial measures may be taken by government agencies and regulatory bodies. In view of the high lead levels in children in the study area, attempts are being made to develop strategies for future prevention by relocating the informal battery recycling workshops from the area. Moreover, parents have been advised to increase nutritional supplementation of children by providing calcium-, iron- and zinc-rich foods, including milk and vegetables.Participant Consent.ObtainedEthical Approval.The study was approved by the ethical committee of Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow (India).Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Highlights
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) declared that lead poisoning is one of the most common and preventable pediatric health problems today.[1]
Hemoglobin levels ranged from 7.8 gm/dl to 12.0 gm/dl in children with a high blood lead levels (BLLs) (>5 μg/dl) (Table 1)
The present study found that approximately 90% of tested children in Karmalichak, Patna had BLLs above 5 μg/dl
Summary
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) declared that lead poisoning is one of the most common and preventable pediatric health problems today.[1] Even at low levels, lead exposure in children causes reduction in IQ and attention span, reading and learning disabilities, hyperactivity, impaired growth, behavior problems and hearing loss. These effects are long term and may be irreversible.[2,3]. In India, it has been reported that nearly half of the child population has elevated blood lead levels (BLLs).[8]
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