Abstract
According to the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) database, the human genome harbors sequence variations producing 346 serologically distinct red blood cell (RBC) antigen phenotypes resided at 45 genomic loci. ABO group is determined by ABO gene which encodes for four antigens, A, B, AB, and O. Together with, Rh group is determined by two genes, namely RHD and RHCE, which produces more than 200 RHD and 80 RHCE alleles and 50 different antigens. Together with, there are several blood group systems such as MNS, Kell, Lutheran antigens, Kidd, and Duffy, etc., but not limited. This high number of phenotypic differences in RBC antigens generates varied protein epitopes which differ from person to person. Additionally, platelets express antigens such as ABO as well as RhD blood groups. After transfusion, the immune system either tolerates these variations or generates adverse immune reactions. Therefore, developing genotyping methods as well as the serological methods (phenotyping) is of great importance. This article summarizes the most recent studies on serological and genotypic methods to determine blood group.
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