Blood-clotting response tests for resistance to diphacinone and chlorophacinone in the Norway Rat ( Rattus norvegicus Berk.)

Abstract

Resistance baselines were obtained for the first generation anticoagulant rodenticides chlorophacinone and diphacinone using laboratory, caesarian-derived Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus) as the susceptible strain and the blood clotting response test method. The ED 99 estimates for a quantal response were: chlorophacinone, males 0.86 mg kg −1, females 1.03 mg kg −1; diphacinone, males 1.26 mg kg −1, females 1.60 mg kg −1. The dose-response data also showed that chlorophacinone was significantly ( p<0.0001) more potent than diphacinone for both male and female rats, and that male rats were more susceptible than females to both compounds ( p<0.002). The ED 99 doses were then given to groups of five male and five female rats of the Welsh and Hampshire warfarin-resistant strains. Twenty-four hours later, prothrombin times were slightly elevated in both strains but all the animals were classified as resistant to the two compounds, indicating cross-resistance from warfarin to diphacinone and chlorophacinone. When rats of the two resistant strains were fed for six consecutive days on baits containing either diphacinone or chlorophacinone, many animals survived, indicating that their resistance might enable them to survive treatments with these compounds in the field.