Abstract

Simple SummarySports training may impact the variations of biomarkers in soccer players. Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed twice in the season for their hematology and biochemical status, while training loads were monitored over the season. Relationships between changes in biomarkers and accumulated training loads were tested. Results revealed that that intense training in the pre-season period leads to decreases and increases in different hematological and biochemical markers.Background: Pre-season training in soccer can induce changes in biological markers in the circulation. However, relationships between chosen hematological and biochemical blood parameters and training load have not been measured. Objective: Analyze the blood measures changes and their relationships with training loads changes after pre-season training. Methodology: Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed by training load measures (derived from rate of perceived exertion- known as RPE) during the pre-season period. Additionally, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Results: For hematological parameters, significant increases were found for platelets (PLT) (dif: 6.42; p = 0.006; d = −0.36), while significant decreases were found for absolute neutrophils count (ANC) (dif: −3.98; p = 0.006; d = 0.11), and absolute monocytes count (AMC) (dif: −16.98; p = 0.001; d = 0.78) after the pre-season period. For biochemical parameters, there were significant increases in creatinine (dif: 5.15; p = 0.001; d = −0.46), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (dif: 12.55; p = 0.001; d = −0.84), C-reactive protein (CRP) (dif: 15.15; p = 0.001; d = −0.67), cortisol (dif: 2.85; p = 0.001; d = −0.28), and testosterone (dif: 5.38; p = 0.001; d = −0.52), whereas there were significant decreases in calcium (dif: −1.31; p = 0.007; d =0.49) and calcium corrected (dif: −2.18; p = 0.015; d = 0.82) after the pre-season period. Moreover, the Hooper Index (dif: 13.22; p = 0.01; d = 0.78), and all derived RPE measures increased after pre-season period. Moderate-to-very large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50–0.73) were found between the training load and hematological measures percentage of changes. Moderate-to-large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50–0.60) were found between training load and biochemical measures percentage of changes. Conclusions: The results indicated heavy physical loads during the pre-season, leading to a decrease in immune functions. Given the significant relationships between blood and training load measures, monitoring hematological and biochemical measures allow coaches to minimize injury risk, overreaching, and overtraining.

Highlights

  • Elite soccer has intermittent characteristics that require players to frequently engage in a high level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity [1]

  • Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed by training load measures during the pre-season period

  • The present study revealed that intense training in the preseason period leads to decreases (ANC, absolute monocytes count (AMC), calcium, and calcium corrected), and increases (PLT, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cortisol, and testosterone) in different hematological and biochemical markers

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Summary

Introduction

Elite soccer has intermittent characteristics that require players to frequently engage in a high level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity [1]. Professional soccer players have to perform low-intensity activities interspersed with high-intensity short explosive actions during training and matches [3]. Professional players can cover up to 7000 m of total distances (TD) in a single training session, and approximately 13,000 m during a match [5]. Relationships between chosen hematological and biochemical blood parameters and training load have not been measured. Objective: Analyze the blood measures changes and their relationships with training loads changes after pre-season training. Methodology: Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed by training load measures (derived from rate of perceived exertion- known as RPE) during the pre-season period.

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