Abstract
Introduction: Periodontitis is the most prevalent inflammatory disease worldwide. Its inflammatory levels spread systemically, which can be associated with chronic kidney disease. Biomarkers have the potential to diagnose and correlate periodontitis and chronic kidney disease, helping to monitor systemic inflammation. Thereby, this study aimed to analyze the association between chronic kidney disease and periodontitis by conducting a biomarker analysis on blood and saliva. Material and methods: An electronic search through PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify clinical studies published in the last ten years, with no language restrictions. Twelve articles met all the inclusion criteria, two randomized controlled trials, one cohort study, and nine observational studies. Results: The studies included a total of 117 patients for saliva biomarkers, with a mean age of approximately 57 years old, and 56.68% of the subjects were female. After analyzing all the included studies, it was possible to verify the following biomarkers assessed: CRP, WBC, fibrinogen, IL-4 and -6, cardiac troponin T, NOx, ADMA, albumin, osteocalcin, cystatin C, PGLYRP1, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and hemoglobin. Conclusion: A direct cause–effect association between periodontitis and CKD could not be established. However, it was possible to conclude that there was a correlating effect present, through the analyzed biomarkers.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a progressive and irreversible change to the normal kidney function and/or damage to the renal parenchyma at the glomerular, tubular, or endocrine level [1,2,3]
A further 16 publications were considered from the manual search through the references of the included articles
This systematic review analyzed the correlation between CKD and periodontitis with regards to blood and salivary biomarkers, which permitted the inclusion of 12 articles
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a progressive and irreversible change to the normal kidney function and/or damage to the renal parenchyma at the glomerular, tubular, or endocrine level [1,2,3] It is characterized by the loss of the filtration capacity of the kidneys and the consequent accumulation of organic residues (urea) that cause immunodeficiency due to the increase of toxic substances in the bloodstream. CKD patients have oral manifestations, with radiographic changes in bone density, more significant accumulation of dental plaque [4], bleeding on the oral mucosa associated with alterations in platelet aggregation, and renal anemia [5].
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