Blocking TGFβR synergistically enhances anti-tumor effects of anti-PD-1 antibody in a mouse model of incomplete thermal ablation

Abstract

The mechanism of early tumor recurrence after incomplete microwave ablation (iMWA) is poorly understood. The anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) monotherapy is reported to be ineffective to prevent the progression of residual tumor resulted from iMWA. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathway plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development. We assume blocking transforming growth factor-β receptor (TGFβR) after incomplete iMWA may synergistically enhance the effect of anti-PD-1 antibody to prevent the progression of residual tumor. We construct an iMWA model with mice harboring Hepa1-6 derived xenograft. The Tgfb1 expression and phosphorylated-Smad3 protein expression is upregulated in the residual tumor after iMWA. With the application of TGFβR inhibitor SB431542, the cell proliferation potential, the tumor growth, the mRNA expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including Cdh2, and Vim, and cancer stem cell marker Epcam, and the infiltrating Treg cells are reduced in the residual tumor tissue. In addition, iMWA combined with TGFβR blocker and anti-PD-1 antibody further decreases the cell proliferation, tumor growth, expression of EMT markers and cancer stem cell marker, and the infiltrating Treg cells in the residual tumor tissue. Blocking TGFβR may alleviate the pro-tumoral effect of tumor microenvironment thereby significantly prevents the progression of residual tumor tissue. Our study indicates that blocking TGFβR may be a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance the effect of anti-PD-1 antibody to prevent residual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression after iMWA.