Abstract
We previously demonstrated that blocking hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor/c-Met signaling inhibited arthritis and articular bone destruction in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we investigated the role of c-Met signaling in osteoblast differentiation using the C2C12 myoblast cell line derived from murine satellite cells and the MC3T3-E1 murine pre-osteoblast cell line. Osteoblast differentiation was induced by treatment with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 or osteoblast-inducer reagent in the presence or absence of either HGF antagonist (NK4) or c-Met inhibitor (SU11274). Osteoblast differentiation was confirmed by Runx2 expression, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin production by the cells. Production of ALP, osteocalcin and HGF was verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Runx2 expression was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR analysis. The phosphorylation status of ERK1/2, AKT, and Smads was determined by Western blot analysis. Both NK4 and SU11274 enhanced Runx2 expression, and ALP and osteocalcin production but suppressed HGF production in BMP-2-stimulated C2C12 cells. SU11274 also enhanced ALP and osteocalcin production in osteoblast-inducer reagent-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells. SU11274 inhibited ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation in HGF-stimulated C2C12 cells. This result suggested that ERK and AKT were functional downstream of the c-Met signaling pathway. However, both mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor suppressed osteocalcin and HGF production in BMP-2-stimulated C2C12 cells. Furthermore, SU11274, MEK, and PI3K inhibitor suppressed Smad phosphorylation in BMP-2-stimulated C2C12 cells. These results indicate that although the c-Met-MEK-ERK-Smad and c-Met-PI3K-AKT-Smad signaling pathways positively regulate osteoblast differentiation, c-Met signaling negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation, independent of the MEK-ERK-Smad and PI3K-AKT-Smad pathways. Therefore, blocking c-Met signaling might serve as a therapeutic strategy for the repair of destructed bone in patients with RA.
Highlights
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often have severe systemic bone loss and increased risk of fracture due to increasedAbbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), bone morphogenetic protein; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK), MAPK/ERK kinase; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction⇑ Corresponding author at: General Education Center, Hyogo University of HealthSciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
Using C2C12 myoblasts, we examined the effect of NK4 on osteoblast differentiation
We previously reported that the HGF antagonist, NK4, inhibited arthritis and bone destruction by inhibiting angiogenesis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the synovium in SKG mice [15]
Summary
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often have severe systemic bone loss and increased risk of fracture due to increased⇑ Corresponding author at: General Education Center, Hyogo University of HealthSciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan. RANKL is expressed by T cells in the synovial tissues of RA patients [4]. Bone formation requires coordination between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This coordination is mediated by multiple growth factors and cytokines [5]. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-b superfamily, and they play a central role in bone formation [6]. BMPs are expressed preferentially in mesenchymal tissues prefiguring the future skeleton, developing bones, and differentiated chondrocytes and osteoblasts [7].
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