Abstract
Industry 4.0 connects the latest technologies such as cloud computing, Internet of things (IoT), machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI), and blockchain to provide more automation in the industrial process and also bridges the gap between the physical and digital worlds through the cyber-physical system. The inherent feature of IoT devices creates the industry to smart industry (referred to as industrial IoT, i.e., IIoT) through its data-driven decision policies. However, several challenges such as decentralization, security and privacy vulnerability, single point of failure (SPOF), and trust issues exist in the IoT system. Blockchain is one of the promising technologies that can bring about opportunities for addressing the challenges of IoT systems. In this article, we have investigated the integration of IoT with blockchain technology and provided an in-depth study of the blockchain-enabled IoT and IIoT systems. The state-of-the-art research is categorized into data storage and management technique, big data and cloud computing technique (finance and data auditing), and industrial sectors (supply chain, energy, and healthcare sector). The insightful discussion based on the different categories is also presented in the paper. In particular, first, we introduce the IoT and IIoT and then discuss the need for smart contracts in IoT and IIoT systems. Next, we concentrate on the convergence of blockchain and IoT with state-of-the-art research. In addition, this article also provides the open and future research directions towards this era with the highlighted observations.
Highlights
Internet of things (IoT) consists of devices and machines equipped with networking capability which can collect data from their environment via various sensors, share them with other devices over the Internet, and carry out analysis on received data automatically without requiring human intervention [1, 2]
(a) Smart contract, (b) Ethereum, (c) homomorphic hash functions scheme using blockchain as service publisher and evidence recorder to prevent service providers and directly connected to Dispute resolution in blockchain network; InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) mechanism case of storing massive instead they can be used for amounts of data on communicate storing the industrial IoT (IIoT) data servers has not been through an considered clients from dishonestly arbitration node denying service or usage
On-chain network used for transaction, off-chain networks used for other tasks ey used blockchain for recording the interactive evidence of service providers and IIoT clients
Summary
Internet of things (IoT) consists of devices and machines equipped with networking capability which can collect data from their environment via various sensors, share them with other devices over the Internet, and carry out analysis (or act) on received data automatically without requiring human intervention [1, 2]. To counter the physical attack, researchers use the physical unclonable function (PUF) [7] for the Security and Communication Networks authentication of IoT devices. In those systems, authentication is mainly dependent on the challenge-response mechanism. Blockchain technology involving smart contracts has a wide range of applications in the IoT and IIoT [14]. Smart contracts are self-executing codes when predetermined terms and conditions are met and verified As they are stored on a blockchain, they inherit some interesting properties; for example, they are immutable and distributed [21]. E smart contract executes the data provided by the IIoT devices and stores them to the blockchain.
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