Abstract
Blockchain is a mainstream technology in which many untrustworthy nodes work together to maintain a distributed ledger with advantages such as decentralization, traceability, and tamper-proof. The network layer communication mechanism in its architecture is the core of the networking method, message propagation, and data verification among blockchain nodes, which is the basis to ensure blockchain’s performance and key features. When blocks are propagated in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks with gossip protocol, the high propagation delay of the protocol itself reduces the propagation speed of the blocks, which is prone to the chain forking phenomenon and causes double payment attacks. To accelerate the propagation speed and reduce the fork probability, this paper proposes a blockchain network propagation mechanism based on proactive network provider participation for P2P (P4P) architecture. This mechanism first obtains the information of network topology and link status in a region based on the internet service provider (ISP), then it calculates the shortest path and link overhead of peer nodes using P4P technology, prioritizes the nodes with good local bandwidth conditions for transmission, realizes the optimization of node connections, improves the quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) of blockchain networks, and enables blockchain nodes to exchange blocks and transactions through the secure propagation path. Simulation experiments show that the proposed propagation mechanism outperforms the original propagation mechanism of the blockchain network in terms of system overhead, rate of data success transmission, routing hops, and propagation delay.
Highlights
Blockchain is a decentralized infrastructure that uses a cryptographic chained block structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses smart contracts to program and manipulate data and is widely used in finance, agriculture, healthcare, charity, and the Internet of ings [1,2,3,4].e technical architecture of blockchain mainly consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, and application layer
To reduce the fork probability and improve the propagation speed of the blockchain network, this paper proposes a blockchain network propagation mechanism based on the P4P architecture, i.e., Blockchain_P4P. iTracker server in the P4P architecture is used to provide policy guidance to the blockchain nodes, namely, iTracker calculates the p distance and virtual cost between nodes and provides the IP address of the node with the closest distance and lowest virtual cost to the requesting node. erefore, the blockchain propagation mechanism based on P4P architecture can effectively
E internal view is the network topology G (V, E), V is the set of nodes, E is the set of links, and the nodes in the V sets are called PID nodes, which are mainly used to represent network topology information. e external view is a fully connected mesh network, and the external view is given visible PID-i and PID-j. iTracker will calculate the distance Pij of two nodes based on the internal distance and route of the network, which is usually calculated based on open shortest path first (OSPF) weights or border gateway protocol (BGP) priority
Summary
Blockchain is a decentralized infrastructure that uses a cryptographic chained block structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses smart contracts to program and manipulate data and is widely used in finance, agriculture, healthcare, charity, and the Internet of ings [1,2,3,4]. He does not know that block D has been mined and starts to spread D′ to the whole network As these two blocks are continuously broadcast, the nodes in the system will maintain two chains of the same length L + 1, Chain_Jack and Chain_Tomas, centered on Jack and Tomas, which form a fork. To reduce the fork probability and improve the propagation speed of the blockchain network, this paper proposes a blockchain network propagation mechanism based on the P4P architecture, i.e., Blockchain_P4P. P4P technology is integrated with the network layer of the blockchain, and the efficient communication efficiency of P4P is used to optimize the propagation mechanism of the blockchain and improve the performance of the blockchain network.
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