Abstract
The vehicular Internet of Things (IoT) comprises enabling technologies for a large number of important applications including collaborative autonomous driving and advanced transportation systems. Due to the mobility of vehicles, strict application requirements, and limited communication resources, the conventional centralized control fails to provide sufficient quality of service for connected vehicles, so a decentralized approach is required in the vicinity to satisfy the requirements of delay-sensitive and mission-critical applications. A decentralized system is also more resistant to the single point of failure problem and malicious attacks. Blockchain technology has been attracting great interest due to its capability of achieving a decentralized, transparent, and tamper-resistant system. There are many studies focusing on the use of blockchain in managing data and transactions in vehicular environments. However, the application of blockchain in vehicular environments also faces some technical challenges. In this paper, we first explain the fundamentals of blockchain and vehicular IoT. Then, we conduct a literature review on the existing research efforts of the blockchain for vehicular IoT by discussing the research problems and technical issues. After that, we point out some future research issues considering the characteristics of both blockchain and vehicular IoT.
Highlights
The dynamic feature and resource limitation of vehicular environments have posed significant challenges to the design of an efficient vehicular Internet of Things (IoT) system [1,2]
We present a review of the frameworks and recent advances of blockchain technologies in vehicular IoT environments
Some authors or papers use the public/permissionless and private/permissioned terms as synonyms when referring to cryptocurrencies, but they are different from the IoT point of view where it is important to distinguish between authentication and authorization [14]
Summary
The dynamic feature and resource limitation of vehicular environments have posed significant challenges to the design of an efficient vehicular IoT system [1,2]. Future vehicular IoT systems must cater to the unprecedented high reliability and ultra-low latency requirements in order to enable emerging applications, including collaborative autonomous driving and intelligent control of traffic signals. Blockchain is based on an open ledger that provides a verifiable and permanent way to manage transactions in a decentralized environment, and it has inspired many researchers to investigate the use of blockchain in vehicular IoT. There are some important issues that must be further investigated in order to make blockchain applicable in vehicular environments: Decentralized consensus with imperfect information: Blockchain enables a distributed system without a central controller. For the purpose of pointing out the technical challenges of applying blockchain in the vehicular IoT scenarios, this paper first introduces the fundamentals of the blockchain technology and conducts a survey on the related studies.
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