Abstract
Projection transformation is an important part of geographic analysis in geographic information systems, which are particularly common for vector geographic data. However, achieving resistance to projection transformation attacks on watermarking for vector geographic data is still a challenging task. We proposed a digital watermarking against projection transformation based on feature invariants for vector geographic data in this paper. Firstly, the features of projection transformation are analyzed, and the number of vertices, the storage order, and the storage direction of two adjacent objects are designed and used as the feature invariant to projection transformation. Then, the watermark index is calculated by the number of vertices of two adjacent objects, and the embedding rule is determined by the storage direction of two adjacent objects. Finally, the proposed scheme performs blind detection through the storage direction of adjacent features. Experimental results demonstrate that the method can effectively resist arbitrary projection transformation, which indicates the superior performance of the proposed method in comparison to the previous methods.
Highlights
Vector geographic data are amongst the most important production materials in geographic information systems (GIS) [1,2]
The proposed scheme is applied to polylines and polygons in vector geographic data
How to resist projection transformation for vector geographic data in GIS is a challenging issue in robust watermarking research
Summary
Vector geographic data are amongst the most important production materials in geographic information systems (GIS) [1,2]. They are widely used in map applications and services with the advantages of high accuracy and low redundancy. The security of vector geographic data is directly related to the sound development of the geographic information industry. Digital watermarking technology is used to embed additional information into digital content and has played an irreplaceable role in the security protection of copyright confirmation for vector geographic data [6,7,8]. Robustness is a crucial element for measuring the success of a digital watermarking algorithm against intentional or unintentional attacks [9,10]
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