Bladder outlet obstruction in women: Scope of the problem and differential diagnosis

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionThe prevalence, formal definition, and diagnostic criteria of bladder outlet obstruction in owmen have not been clearly defined.MethodsThis is a literature review of the definition of BOO in women, its prevalence, as well as its differential diagnosis.ResultsThe main causes of BOO in women are divided into functional and anatomic conditions. Functional etiologies include detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia, dysfunctional voiding, Fowler's syndrome, and primary bladder neck obstruction. Anatomic causes can be further divided into extrinsinc and intrinsic conditions. Intrinsic etiologies include urethral stricture and urethral diverticula, whereas extrinsic causes comprise pelvic organ prolapse, post anti‐incontinence surgery, and Skene's gland cyst or abscess.ConclusionsThere are multiple etiologies to BOO in women, and this condition is most probably underdiagnosed, owing to a lack of consensus for a standard definition.