Abstract
The electricity grid faces the possibility of outages due to extreme weather events, cyber-attack, and unexpected events. When these unwanted events occur, it is desired that electricity be restored as soon as possible to meet the power demands of critical loads. The microgrid approach to power restoration holds a lot of promise, since microgrids can operate in island mode. This paper presents a novel sequential restoration methodology for microgrid black start. The microgrid architecture considered is assumed to be operating in multi-master mode. The master distributed generators (DGs) are coordinated to operate together through droop control. Several operational constraints are formulated and linearized to realize a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The method is studied on an islanded microgrid based on a modified IEEE 13 node test feeder. Detailed transient simulation in PSCAD was used to verify the accuracy of the restoration methodology. The developed restoration method can maximize the energy restored while ensuring good voltage and frequency regulation, and ensure that power scheduling mismatch is shared in the desired proportion.
Highlights
The microgrid has been identified as one of the means to improve the resilience of the power system, through its ability to “island” and operate autonomously during disruptive situations [1,2].Because of the microgrid’s ability to operate in island mode, it can significantly improve power system resilience during a blackout by providing electricity to critical loads
Some challenges of microgrid island operation highlighted in [7] include smaller system size, higher distributed generator (DG) penetration and uncertainty, lower system inertia, unbalanced three-phase loading issues, and inability to use a traditional system analysis approach for an unbalanced microgrid system
In our earlier work [26], we presented black start restoration formulation for single master microgrids in which for each formed microgrid, one master DG is operated in isochronous mode, and other DGs in the same microgrid are operated in grid-following mode
Summary
The microgrid has been identified as one of the means to improve the resilience of the power system, through its ability to “island” and operate autonomously during disruptive situations [1,2]. Operating island microgrid under unbalanced load conditions has been shown to lead to instability [8] These challenges call for clear consideration of the primary control for real-time voltage and frequency regulation, and the use of a systemic black start approach. As the size of the microgrid and the operation considerations increase, a rule-based approach becomes less reliable in finding a feasible and optimal (or near-optimal) solution It is the purpose of this work to present a systematic approach to black start an islanded microgrid with droop considered as the primary control. To restore a larger multi-master microgrid, this paper presents a black start formulation that incorporates the inter-operation of multiple masters DGs using droop control.
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