Abstract
Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs), obtained via a typical solution-based top-down method, were used as water-based lubricant additives. BPQDs exhibited remarkable friction reduction and anti-wear properties even at the ultra-low concentration of 0.005 wt%, which reduced the friction coefficient and wear volume of the base liquid by 32.3% and 56.4%, respectively. In addition, the load-supporting capacity of the base liquid increased from 120 N to over 300 N. BPQDs-based additives exhibited a relatively long lifetime at a relatively high load of 80 N. The performance of BPQDs considerably exceeded that of the BP; this may be attributed to their small and uniform particle size, good dispersion stability in water, and high reactivity at the frictional surfaces. The results of the surface wear resistance analysis demonstrated that a robust tribochemical film with a thickness of approximately 90 nm was formed on the rubbing surface lubricated with 0.005 wt% of BPQDs dispersion. Moreover, the film served as a direct evidence of the excellent tribological performance of BPQDs.
Highlights
In recent years, sustainable development has been a commonly discussed theme worldwide, which is increasingly driving people’s attention toward protecting the environment and saving energy
It can be inferred that the Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) were not spherical nanoparticles, and the rounded nanosheets were similar to graphene quantum dots
The intensities of the peaks of O-H (3,455 cm 1) and C=O (1,631 cm 1) in the spectrum of BPQDs is considerably stronger than that of black phosphorus (BP) sample. These strong peaks are caused by oxygencontaining groups on the surfaces of BPQDs and CO2 adsorption
Summary
Sustainable development has been a commonly discussed theme worldwide, which is increasingly driving people’s attention toward protecting the environment and saving energy. Two-dimensional (2D) layered nanomaterials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [2, 3], carbon nitride (C3N4) [4], graphene [5, 6], zirconium phosphate [7], palygorskite nanoplatelets [8], hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) [9], and MXene (Ti3C2) [10], have demonstrated high potential in the field of water-based lubricant additives [11,12,13] Using these nanomaterials as additives can effectively enhance friction reduction and anti-wear performance in lubricants; they have several shortcomings, including poor dispersion stability, non-uniform particle sizes, and poor embedding stability between the rubbing surfaces [14, 15]. This study presents potential novel and significant applications of BPQD-based lubricant additives
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